Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Joints (articulations) |
-site where 2 or more bones meet -the weakest parts of the skeleton |
|
|
Arthrology |
study of joints |
|
|
orthopedics |
branch of medicine that deals with prevention/correction of injuries/disorders of bones, muscles associated with skeleton, ligaments and joints |
|
|
functions of joints |
-mobility -cohesion |
|
|
classification of joints |
1) Structural -----Material binding bones together -----Presence/absence of joint cavity 2) Functional -----Amount of movement |
|
|
Fibrous Joints (Structural) |
1) Sutures -Synarthrotic -Ex: Bones of skull 2) Gomphoses -Peg-in-socket -Synarthrotic -Ex: Teeth in sockets -Peridontal ligament 3) Syndesmoses -Bones connected by ligaments -Length of ligament determines mobility of the joint -Ex: Distal articulation of tibia and fibula (synarthrotic) |
|
|
Cartilaginous Joints (Structural) |
1) Synchondroses -Hyaline Cartilage -Synarthrotic -Ex: Epiphyseal plates, 1st rib & manubrium 2) Symphyses -Fibrocartilage sandwiched between hyaline cartilage -strong & flexible -amphiarthrotic -Ex: Pubis symphysis, intervertebral joints |
|
|
Synovial Joints, General Anatomy (Structural) |
1) Articular cartilage -composed of hyaline cartilage 2) Joint (synovial) cavity -contains synovial fluid 3) Articular Capsule -Outer fibrous layer (dense irregular CT) -Inner synovial membrane 4) Synovial fluid -blood filtrate/hyaluronic acid -reduces friction (lubricant) -nourishment (cartilage is avascular) -keep joint cavity 'clean' (phagocytic cells) 5) Reinforcing ligaments -Capsular (intrinsic) - found in articular capsule thickening of fibrous layer of articular capsule -extracapsular - outside of joint cavity -intracapsular - within joint 6) nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
Accessory Structures of some synovial joints |
1) Fatty Pads - found in hip and knee joints 2) Articular discs (meniscus) - fibrocartilage that separates articular surfaces of bones and minimizes wear and tear 3) Menisci - sandwiched in between articular sufaces 4) Bursae - provide surface for sliding "pillows" - fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane & containing some synovial fluid 5) Tendon Sheaths - elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon - hot dog bun (tendon=hotdog) - extra stability to joint |
|
|
Double-jointedness |
reinforcing ligaments and joint capsules that are more stretchy and loose |
|
|
Synovial Joint Types |
1) Plane (between carpals & tarsals) Non-Axial 2) Hinge (elbow) Uni-Axial 3) Pivot (radius/ulna joint) Uni-Axial 4) Condyloid (b/n metacarpals & phalanges) Bi-A 5) Saddle (b/n carpals and metacarpal of thumb) 6) Ball & Socket (hip and shoulder) Multi-Axial |
|
|
Movements allowed by synovial joints |
1) Gliding 2) Angular 3) Rotation 4) Special
|
|
|
Gliding |
flat surfaces of 2 bones glide slide over each other (back & forth or side to side) |
|
|
Angular |
Inc/Dec angle between 2 bones -Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension (Head) -Abduction/Adduction (thighs) -Circumduction (fingers, wrists, shoulder) |
|
|
Rotation |
-Movement around the bone's long axis -Thigh, C1, C2, head |
|
|
Special Movements |
a)Supination/Pronation (hand) - rotate forearm b)Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion (foot) toward shin away from shin c)Inversion/Eversion (Ankle) - turn foot lateral or medial d)Protraction/Retraction (Mandible) - Stick Chin out or pull in e)Elevation/Depression (Mandible/Shoulder) f)Opposition (thumb to finger) |
|
|
Shoulder Joint |
-Glenoid labrum - rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity 4 ligaments (Corachumeral + 3 Glenohumeral) 5 tendons (biceps brachii + 4 rotator cuff) |
|
|
Hip Joint |
-Acetabular Labrum - disc of fibrocartilage around acetabulum - >20 ligaments & tendons 'corkscrew' femur to coxal bone |
|
|
Knee joint |
Largest and most complex joint in the body made of 3 joints 1) Femoropatellar joint 2&3) Lateral & medial tibiofemoral joints (joint cavity enclosed by articular capsule anteriorly - ligaments) |
|
|
Luxation |
Dislocation *Bones need to be reduced (put back into place) |
|
|
Arthritis |
inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
|
|
|
osteoarthritis |
-Cartilage destroying enzymes break down cartilage faster than it can be replaced -Often joints between cervical and lumbar vertebrae, fingers, knees
|
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Autoimmune disease where the immune system causes inflammation in the joints |
|
|
Gouty Arthritis (Gout) |
-Excess uric acid in blood -Urate crystals form in soft tissues of joints causing inflammation -If untreated can result in immobilization of joint |
|
|
Torn Meniscus |
-Occurs most often when compression and shear stress (twisting) occur simultaneously -Most frequent cartilaginous tear -Cartilage is avascular so it heals very slowly -Removal of the torn meniscus (surgery) is often the standard |
