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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mEq
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(mg/atomic weight) x valence
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Atomic weights of:
Cl K Ca Mg P |
Cl = 70
K = 39 Ca = 40 Mg = 24 P = 30.9 |
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NaCl is what % Na
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40%
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Extracellular electrolytes
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Sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate
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Intracellular electrolytes
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potassium, magnesium, phosphorus
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The BCAAs
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Valine
Leucine Isoleucine |
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Low Cholesterol
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<20 mg/svg
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Low Calorie
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no more than 40 kcal/svg
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Low Fat
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less than or equal to 3 g/svg
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Low sodium
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less than 140 mg/svg
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Very low sodium
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less than 35 mg/svg
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Low saturated fat
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less than 1 g/svg
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Saturated Oils
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Coconut
Butter Animal fat Beef tallow Palm oil palm kernel cocoa butter |
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Monounsaturated Fats
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Olive oil
Canola Oil Peanut oil sunflower oil |
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Polyunsaturated fats
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Safflower
Corn Soybean Cottonseed Sunflower |
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RDA means
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meets needs of almost all (97-98%) of individuals in a group
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Adequate intake
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used when RDA for a nutrient cannot be determined d/t lack of evidence. Level will meet/exceed for all individuals
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EAR
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median requirement to meet needs of 1/2 individuals
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Water Soluble Vitamins
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Thiamin: 0.9-1.1 mg
Niacin: 12-16 mg Riboflavin: 0.9-1.3 mg Pyridoxine/B6: 1.0-1.7 mg Folate: 300-400 ug B12/Cobalamin: 1.8-2.4 ug Biotin: 20-30 ug Pantothenic Acid: 4-5 ug Vit C: 45-90 mg |
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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A: 600-900 ug
D: 5-15 ug E: 11-15 mg K: 60-120 ug |
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Digestible polysaccharides
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starch, dextrin, and glycogen
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Dietary starch is
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glucose chains
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dietary dextrin is
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a product of starch breakdown
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Indigestible polysaccharides
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Fiber: soluble/Insoluble
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Insoluble fiber
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cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
Increases transit |
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Soluble fiber
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gums & pectin
decreases transit time thickening quality |
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Limiting amino acid in legumes/nuts
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Methionine
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Limiting amino acid in grains
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Lysine
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Limiting amino acid in corn/gelatin
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Tryptophan
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Calorie free
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<5 cal/svg
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Low calorie
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< 40 cal/svg
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Reduced/Fewer calories
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Less than 25% than comparison
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Fat Free
Sat Fat Free Low Fat Low Sat Fat Reduced/Less Fat Reduced/Less Sat Fat |
Fat Free <.5 g/svg
Sat Fat Free <.5 g/svg Low Fat < 3g/svg Low Sat Fat <1 g/svg Reduced/Less Fat 25% reduced Reduced/Less Sat Fat 25% reduced |
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Cholesterol Free
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<2mg
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Low Cholesterol
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20 mg or less
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Reduced/less cholesterol
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25% less
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Sodium Free
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<5 mg/svg
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High fiber
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5 g or more
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Good Source of Fiber
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2.5-4.9 g
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More/Added fiber
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2.5 g more
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Sugar Free
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<0.5 g/svg
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No added sugar
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naturally present sugar w/ same amount as would naturally be there
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Reduced sugar
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25% less
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Labeling: "Healthy"
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no more than 3 g fat
no more than 1 g sat fat no more 350 mg Na or 60 mg cholesterol 10% DV of one of these: Vit A/C, Ca, Fe, Pro, or fiber |
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Bacterial Growth Conditions (Acronym)
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F- food
A - a ph of >4.6 T - Temp 41-140 T - time; 4 hrs O - 02 M - Moisture |
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Nutrition Screening Initiative for Elderly Acronym
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DETERMINE
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DETERMINE stands for
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Disease
Eating poorly Tooth loss Economic hardship Reduced social contact Multiple medications Involuntary weight loss/gain Needs assistance Elder > 80 yrs |
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P-value
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means significance of results, want is CLOSER to 0
(no more than 0.05) |
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What is R in research
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R is the correlation of data
want is closer to 1 or -1 0.4-0.7 = moderate 0.7-0.9 = strong 0.9-1.0 = very strong |
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Standard deviation
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degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution
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Jewish Diet
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kosher
no pork no meat or dairy |
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Islam Diet
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no pork
Ramadan No alcohol Haram Halal |
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Catholic Diet
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no meat on friday/ash wed/lent
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Seventh Day Adventist
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No pork/shellfish/alch/caffeine
vegan/vegetarianism |
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Mormon Diet
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No alch/caffeine
fasting less meat consumed |
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Native american Diet
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lactose intolerance
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Asian Indian Diet
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Lacto-vegetarian
curry |
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Hindu Diet
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Lactoveg
no beef foods = mood enhancers |
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Buddhists
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Lacto-ovo, depends on sect
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Glycogenesis
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The formation of glucose from glycogen
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Glycogenesis
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formation of glycogen from glucose/pyruvic acid
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Gluconeogenesis
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Formation of glucose from protein or fat
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Glycolysis
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Anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
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Glycogenolysis
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conversion of glycogen into glucose in body tissues
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Vitamin A
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Carotenoids are precursor
wound healing night blindness liver tox |
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Vitamin K
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Natural forms:
-phylloquinone (k1) -menaquininone (k2) Synthetic form: -menadione (k3) blood clotting--> prothrombin --> thrombin --> fibrin |
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Vitamin E
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Antioxidant
Alpha-tocopherol (active form) |
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Vitamin D
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functions with Ca & P for maintain bones
Precursors: -Ergosterol (D2) in plants -7 dehydrocholesterol (D3) in animals Hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to be metabolically active |
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Calcium
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PTH regulates- reabsorbs and releases from bones
Mass development of bone 9-18 yrs Binds to oxalates and phytates in GI tract |
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Iron
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Heme: animal
Non-heme: animal/plant MFP Tox: Hemosiderosis/Hemochromatosis |
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Descriptive research
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Generates data at particular time
Quality, case reports, surveys |
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Analytical Research
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allows causal relationships to be determined
- Experimental design |
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# 10 can
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6 /case
6 lbs 9 oz = 96-105 oz 13 cups 20-25 svgs |
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RQ
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VCO2/VO2
CHO 1 Pro 0.82 Fat 0.7 Mixed 0.85 |
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Surimi
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Purified and frozen minced fish with preservative (imitation crab)
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Eggs
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80 cal
6 g pro 5 g fat Vitamins A, D, riboflavin More protein in yolk protein coagulates at 62-70 F |
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Custards
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% sag = tenderness
higher = higher |
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Milk
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87% water
3.7 % fat 4.9% CHO/lactose 3.5% pro (complete) - Whey - drains off - Casein - PPT at 4.6 pH |
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Wheat flour is enriched with
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Thiamin
Riboflavin Niacin Iron Folic Acid |
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When does formative evaluation occur
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beginning or during
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Summative evaluation
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after program
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Blooms:
Psychomotor, cognitive and affective |
Psychomotor:Movement/coordination
Cognitive: intellectual skills Affective: Confidence/attitude/feelings |
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3 properties needed for experimental design study
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randomization
control manipulation |
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validity
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measuring instrument is consistent AND accurate
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Vitamin like glucose structure
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Vitamin C
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Thiamin/1000 calories
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0.5
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Niacin/1000 calories
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6.6
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Riboflavin/1000 calories
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0.6
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Iron/1000 calories
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6
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Where is betacarotene converted to Vitamin A
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Intestine
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kcal/kg infant
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80-140
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What hormone stimulates protein synthesis
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growth hormone
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which nutrient increases serotonin release
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carbohydrate
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Pepsin and trypsin help hydrolyze which macronutrient
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protein
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What does glucagon do
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converts glycogen to glucose
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Where is lactase produced
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SI
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Lipase is released by what organs
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stomach and pancreas
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Long chain fatty acids are transported via__
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chylomicrons- not to the lymphatic system
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Triglycerides are absorbed as
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chylomicrons - to lymphatic system
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4 states ketones are produced
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fasting
uncontrolled DM decreased CHO intake starvation |
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Omega 3 will lower one but not another
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lowers TG but not cholesterol
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Who develops RDAs
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Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council
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Fever is associated with which FBIs
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listeria and salmonella
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Delaney clause
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"no food can be considered safe if it is found to produced cancer when fed to man or animal"
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Anaerobic FBIs
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botulism and clostridium perfringes
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Mold stabilizers
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calcium propionate, calcium sorbate, and EDTA
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What do nitrates do
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prevent growth of C.Bot as an antimicrobial
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Fastest onset of FBI is from
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Stapyhylococcus Aureus
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What FBI grows at fridge temps
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Listeria (miscarriages)
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pH of milk
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6.6
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FBI common among those <1 yrs old
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camplyobacter
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