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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a principle pathogen?
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a pathogen capable of causing infection in a normal, healthy individual (i.e. S. aureus)
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
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a pathogen which does not normally cause infection in healthy individuals and which normally causes infection in individuals with compromised host defenses
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What are aerobic, acid-fast, gram-positive bacilli?
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Mycobacterium and Nocardia
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What are the aerobic, non acid-fast gram-positive bacilli?
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Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Nocardia
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What are the anaerobic gram-positive bacilli?
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Clostridium and Proprionibacterium
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What are the anaerobic gram-positive cocci?
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Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus
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What are the aerobic, catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci?
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Streptococcus and Enterococcus
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What are the natural penicillin's?
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penicillin G (IV) and penicillin V (oral)
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What are the aminopenicillin's?
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ampicillin and amoxicillin
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What are the Penicillinase-resistant penicillins?
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Nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin
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What are the Carboxypenicillins?
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Carbenicillin, ticarcillin
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What is the Ureidopenicillin?
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piperacillin
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What are autolysins?
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groups of enzymes which break glycosidic linkages between NAM and NAG monomers at the point of growth in the existing peptidoglycan chains; also break the peptide cross-bridges that link adjoining peptidoglycan chains
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What are transglycosidases and their functions?
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transglycosidases are enzymes which insert and link new NAM and NAG monomers into breaks in the peptidoglycan chains
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What are transpeptidase enzymes and what are their functions?
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Transpeptidase enzymes reform the peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains
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What are PBP's?
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penicillin binding protein;
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What is the volume of distribution for aminoglycosides and how is it calculated?
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0.25L/kg is generally used in equation:
Vd = 0.25 L/kg [IBW + 0.4(TBW-IBW)] |
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What is k?
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Cl/Vd
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What is t1/2?
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0.693/k
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What is the "Trough, Dose, Peak" method for obtaining concentrations?
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sample is obtained just prior to the dose, the dose is administered, and a second sample is obtained after the end of the infusion; An advantage is that both peak and trough concentrations are obtained in a more timely, convenient manner
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What does a gram positive stain look like?
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dark stain purple
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What does a gram negative organism look like (for gram stain)?
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stain pink or red
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What are the atypical bacteria?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila, and Legionella
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What happens in a positive Catalase test, and what does this distinguish?
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a positive catalase test would be indicated by the evolution of bubbles when hydrogen peroxide is applied; this would identify staphylococcus from other cocci
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What happens in a coagulase positive test and what does it distinguish?
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coagulase positive would form a jelly like substance and would distinguish between S. aureus and other Staphylococcus species
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What would a negative result be for a fermentation test in an agar slant?
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red color would result from non-fermenters, such as Pseudomonas
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What would a positive result be from a fermentation test in an agar slant?
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yellow color and gas indicates the ability of an organism to ferment
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What is the difference between alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis?
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alpha is partial, beta is complete hemolysis, and gamma is no hemolysis
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Which Streptococci are beta hemolytic and which are alpha hemolytic?
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beta hemolytic Streptococci include groups A (pyrogenes), B (agalactiae), C, F, and G; alpha hemlolytic are the viridans group and pneumoniae
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What is the MIC?
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minimum inhibitory concentration- lowest antibiotic concentration at which growth of a bacteria is inhibited
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What is MBC?
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minimum bactericidal concentration
Lowest concentration of antibiotic at which bacteria is killed |
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What is the biggest limitation of the Kirby-Bauer test?
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does not provide a MIC (only a rough correlate of it)
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What is an Etest?
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similar to KB plate, but instead of discs of drug, a strip with gradient concentration of drugs is used; this can determine MIC and provides closer increments than broth dilution testing
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What are included in the beta-lactam class of drugs?
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penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems
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What is the difference between beta-lactamase and an amidase?
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beta-lactamase is anything that will cleave a beta-lactam ring, while amidase will cleave a side chain off
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What are the natural penicillins useful for treating?
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Gram + aerobes: primarily streptococci (most) and Enterococcus, also Listeria
Gram - aerobes: Not very active except Neisseria meningitidis Anaerobes: Many Gram + and Gram – organisms Except Bacteroides fragilis mostly resistant Atypicals: No activity |
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What is ceftaroline?
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not yet available, but Ceftaroline will be the first -lactam to have clinically useful activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus
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