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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many species of fish are there?
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46000 (49% of animals)
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Why are there so many freshwater fish species?
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isolation
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When did fish species first appear in the fossil record?
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525 mya
fish have had longer to speciate |
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Why don't fish freeze?
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They have antifreeze in their blood
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Who is the father of ichthyology?
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Peter Artedi
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Who described fishes during exploration of the US?
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David Starr Jordan
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What is the most important sense to fish?
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sound
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what is winterkill?
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fish that die because of lack of oxygen and photosynthesis is reduced
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what is summerkill?
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oxygen at bottom is all used up
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what is a notochord?
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long rod of cartilage
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what are characteristics of lampreys?
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jawless
gill openings seperate cartilaginous skeleton |
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What are characteristics of the Class Condrichthyes?
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sharks, rays
jaws gill opengings have vetebrate |
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what are characteristics of class osteichthyes?
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bony fish
skeleton with vertebrae have swim bladder |
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What is rover predator body shape?
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fusiform
pointed head forked caudal tail constantly moving evenly distributed fins |
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What is a lie in wait predator body shape?
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fusiform
large terminal mouth head flattened large caudal fin blended colors |
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What is a surface oriented fish body type?
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small
upward pointed mouth largge eyes feed at surface |
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What is a bottom rover body type?
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rover-predator type body
head flattened large pectoral fins barbels |
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What is a bottom clinger body type?
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small size
flattened head structures to cling to the bottom |
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What is the bottom hider type?
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similer to bottom clingers but no clinging devices
blend in |
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What is bottom fish morphology?
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air hole on top of body
flattened |
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What is the morphology of a deep bodied fish?
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laterally compressed
maneuver in tight spaces spines in fins |
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What are placoid scales?
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found in chondrichthyes
small don't grow |
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What are ganoid scales?
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primitive osteichthyes
hard, heavy, not flexible provides more predator protection |
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What are elasmoid scales?
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flexible, light, and strong
two types: cycloid and ctenoid |
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What two orders don't have scales?
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Myxiniformes and Petromyzontiformes
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What are pelvic fins used for?
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steering and braking
clinging or suction |
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What are pectoral fins used for?
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precise maneuverability
fast swimming stabilizing |
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What are dorsal and anal fins for?
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stabilizers during swimming
prevent rollin more surface area against the water |
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What is caudal fin for?
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generates thrust
thin - slow start fat - hard to maintain speed |
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What is heterocercal?
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asmmetrical lobes
vertebrae extends into the tail |
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what is homocercal tail?
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symmetrical
no vertebrae in tail |
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What are spines for?
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Protection
increase effective body size inject poison bigger is better |
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What are the differences between spines and rays?
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Spines are made of bone, sold and unsegemented.
Rays are made of bones, have two parts and are segmented. |
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What do Condrichthyes rely on
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lift, like an airplane wing
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What is gravity counteracted by?
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fatty tissues
reduce dense tissues swim bladder |
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What is specific gravity?
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weight of an object divided by weight of equal volume water
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What is the adaptive advantae of the reduction of bone and muscle in bathypelagic fishes?
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reduce muscle mass whih reduces the amount of energy needed/expended
very little energy available in deep ocean |
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What is physostomous?
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connected to gut via pneumatic duct
bony fishes doesn't allow for large changes in depth (air gulpers) |
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What is physoclistous swim bladder?
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advanced bony fishes
not connected to gut frees fishes from surface |
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What is the oval organ?
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deflates swim bladder via gas reabsorbtion in the blood
cappillaries expand and gasses diffuse into blood vessels |
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What does red muscle do?
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sustain fast swimming
energy via aerobic pathway less palatable |
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What does white muscle do?
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burst swimmin
energy through anaerobic pathway |
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What is the anguilliform swimming mode?
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wave-like
eel |
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What is carangiform swimming mode?
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fusiform
fast |
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What is Ostraciiform swimming mode?
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only caudal fin flexes
slow swimmers have spines and poison |
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How does energetic cost relate to size?
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energetic cost decreases with fish size.. more surface area so they have more thrust from each movement
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What is the Order Ostracoderm?
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shell skinned
armored plates skeleton cartilage first vertebrate all extinct no jaws/paired fins |
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What is Order Myxiniformes?
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hagfishes
jawless cartilaginous skeleton notochord no eyes worm like |
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What is Order Petromyzontiformes?
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Lampreys
jawless gill openings seperate |
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What is Class Placodermi?
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plate-skinned
bony skeleton first jaws from 1st gill arch |
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What is Class Chondrichthyes?
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cartilaginous skeleton
spiral valve intestine |
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What is Subclass Elasmobranchii?
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Sharks and rays
middle devonian 5-7 gill openings placoid scales |
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What is Subclass Holocephali?
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Chimaeras
strange, bottom feeders single gill cover over 4 gill openings |
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What are brachiostegal rays and who has them?
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long bones under the throat that make a pumping mechanism so fish don't have to swim with mouth open
Class Osteichthyes |
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What is Subclass Sarcopterygii?
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Lobed-finned fishes
series of bones supporting pectoral and pelvic fins |
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What is Subclass Actinopterygii?
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Ray-finned fishes
no internal nares spines |
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What is Infraclass Chondrostei?
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primitive 'cartilage bone' fishes
heavy ganoid scales spiracle terocercal tail |
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What is infraclass Neopterygii?
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new fins
holostei - whole bone teleostei - perfect bone (most evolutionary advanced) |
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What are trends in fish evolution?
scales branchiostegal rays swimbladder jaws |
lighter, thinner, flexible
more physoclistous flexible homocercal tail spines less gill openings |
