- (Inverts) Review Q's 2 - Animal Design

Front 1

Body Plans

1) What are the different types of symmetry and what is cephalization?

Back 1

Lacking: none

Radial: seen in Cnidarians

Bilateral: anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral

Cephalization- sensory organs develop in head region

Front 2

2) What is the difference in diploblastic and triploblastic organisms? Examples?

Back 2

Diploblastic: 2 layers of tissues/ ex. Jellyfish, jellylike material btwn endo/ectoderm

Triploblastic: 3 layers/ mesoderm btwn endo/ectoderm

Front 3

3) What good are body cavities?

Back 3

insulate organs, allows for separate functions

Front 4

4) What are the types of body cavities? How do they form? What are some phyla that display each type? How phylogenetically informative is body cavity in determining major animal relationships.

Back 4

Coelomate: cavity formed from splitting of mesoderm (Mollusca, Oncyphora)

Pseudocoelomates: cavity formed from blastocoel (Nematoda)

Acoelomates: no cavity (Platyhelminthes)

Front 5

5) Know all the gory details of the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes (e.g., cleavage, coelom formation, fate of blastopore, example phyla).

Back 5

Protostomes:
a) Cleavage - spiral, determinant (type of cell determined early on)

b) Coelom formation - schizocoelous (solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom)

c) Fate of blasopore - Mouth develops from blastopore


Deuterostomes:
a) Cleavage - radial and indeterminant

b) Coelom formation - enterocoelous (folds of archenterons form coelom)

c) Fate of blasopore - Anus develops from blastopore

Front 6

Grades and Animal Form

1) What is a grade? Examples.

Back 6

Similar forms due to design constraints, demonstrate convergent and functional solutions to physical/ environmental constraints

Front 7

2) What are some common problems that all animals have that require functional
solutions?

Back 7

1. Getting oxygen to cells

2. Nourishment

3. Excreting waste

4. Movement

Front 8

3) How does multicellularity solve the problem of exchange with the environment?

Back 8

Inc ratio of surface area to volume to solve problem of diffusion

Front 9

Speaking of Osmoregulation

1) What is osmoregulation and why is it important?

Back 9

Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the body's water content

Front 10

2) Consider the following terms:
hypertonic

hypotonic

isotonic

osmolarity

osmoconformers

osmoregulators

Back 10

hypertonic: lacking H2O

hypotonic: too much H2O

isotonic: H2O in = H2O out

osmolarity: Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per liter of solution,

osmoconformers: An osmoconformer is a marine invertebrate whose internal salinity such that it is always equal to the surrounding seawater. Osmoconformers do not actively exchange solutes with the environment, but keep their body fluids isotonic to the external environment

osmoregulators: a body mechanism concerned with the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure relationships

Front 11

3) Generally consider the constraints of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats on osmoregulation.

Back 11

marine: too much salt, need to reduce H2O loss

freshwater: need to inc H2O loss and maintain salt balance

terrestrial: requires major adaptations to reduce H2O loss