Invert Lecture Exam 1

Front 1

Reduced stress factors in marine environments

Back 1

-easy gas exchange

-no problem with osmotic regulation

-salinity, oxygen levels, temperature, and pH are relatively stable

-Buoyancy

-Obtaining food and sex easy

Front 2

Types of motility

Back 2

-Planktonic

-Sessile

-Sedentary

-Mobile

Front 3

Systematics

Back 3

the study of the kinds and diversity of life on Earth, and of any and all relationships

between them

Front 4

Blastula

Back 4

hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells that develops

by mitotic divisions of the zygote

Front 5

Homology

Back 5

similarity due to descent from a common

ancestor

Front 6

Synapomorphy

Back 6

a homologous trait that identifies a group

Front 7

Analogy

Back 7

unrelated species have a similar trait

Front 8

Monophyletic group

Back 8

one that includes all the descendents of a single ancestor

Front 9

Paraphyletic group

Back 9

a group that does not contain all the

descendents of a single ancestor

Front 10

Sister taxa

Back 10

derived from the same ancestor

Front 11

Endoderm

Back 11

innermost layer of cells

Front 12

Ectoderm

Back 12

outermost layer of cells

Front 13

Mesoderm

Back 13

layer in between endoderm and ectoderm

Front 14

Coelom

Back 14

internal body cavity

Front 15

Acoelomate

Back 15

no coelom

Front 16

Pseudocoelomate

Back 16

body cavity present, lined with endoderm

on the inside and mesoderm on

the outside

Front 17

Coelomate

Back 17

body cavity present, and is lined with

mesoderm on both the inside

and the outside

Front 18

Protostomes

Back 18

the mesodermal tissue splits internally to form a cavity

Front 19

Deuterostomes

Back 19

the coelom forms through a series of

infoldings

Front 20

Blastopores form mouths in...

Back 20

protostomes

Front 21

Blastopores form anuses in...

Back 21

deuterostomes

Front 22

Cleavage pattern of protosomes

Back 22

spiral

Front 23

Cleavage pattern of deuterostomes

Back 23

radial

Front 24

Fission

Back 24

mitotic replication of chromosomes, followed by division of parent into two similar cells

Front 25

Budding

Back 25

a small chunk of the parent breaks off, then grows into a new individual

Front 26

Function of Archaeocytes in Porifera

Back 26

-Waste elimination

-Food digestion

-Reproduction

Front 27

Categories of biological diversity

Back 27

-species richness

-morphological diversity

-behavioral and physiological diversity

-ecological diversity

Front 28

How marine environment minimizes physical and chemical stresses

Back 28

-wetness

-little variation in pH, salinity, temperature, oxygen levels

-buoyant

Front 29

Causes of instability in freshwater environments

Back 29

-osmotic stresses

-varying seasons

-ephemeral

Front 30

Adaptations to ephemeral bodies of water

Back 30

-movement/dispersal

-dormancy

Front 31

Adaptations to seasonal fluctuations

Back 31

-dormancy

Front 32

Problems with classification

Back 32

-overlapping categories

-differences in juvenile and adult forms

Front 33

Metazoan characteristics

Back 33

-multicellular

-no cell walls

-mobile

Front 34

Evidence for seperate origins of multicellularity

Back 34

-embryological differences

-cell to cell communication differences

-regulatory and transcriptional gene differences

Front 35

Ostia

Back 35

small pores water enters in sponges

Front 36

3 types of sponge construction (simple to complex)

Back 36

-asconoid

-syconoid

-leuconoid

Front 37

Class Calcarea

Back 37

spicules made of calcium carbonate

Front 38

Class Demospongiae

Back 38

spicules made of silica and/or spongin

Front 39

Class Hexactinellida

Back 39

spicules made of silica, with 6 rays

Front 40

Class Homoscleromorpha

Back 40

silicaceaous spicules (if any); basal membrane underlying tissues; cilia

Front 41

Characteristics of Cnidarians

Back 41

-radial symmetry

-tissues no true organs

-simple nervous system and cells that function like muscles

Front 42

Gastrovascular cavity

Back 42

used for digestion and circulation

Front 43

Mesoglea

Back 43

jellylike substance that fills the body between the GV cavity and the external surface

Front 44

Cnidoblast

Back 44

a cell that secretes a stinging thread

Front 45

Spongocoel

Back 45

the space inside a sponge

Front 46

Choanoderm

Back 46

innermost layer in sponges

Front 47

Pinacoderm

Back 47

outermost layer of the sponge

Front 48

Spongin

Back 48

a fibrous protein that serves as a skeletal element in some sponges

Front 49

Spicules

Back 49

pieces of calcium carbonate or silica that serve as skeletal elements in some sponges

Front 50

Osculum

Back 50

the large opening through which water exits the sponge

Front 51

Adaptations for regulating water and solutes

Back 51

-Reduced surface permeability

-Excretory mechanisms

Front 52

Parabasala

Euglenozoa

Choanozoa

Back 52

Flagellates

Front 53

-Ciliophora

-Dinozoa

-Apicomplexa

-Amoebozoa

Back 53

Alveolate protozoans

Front 54

The syncytial theory

Back 54

Metazoans started as a multinucleate protozoan something like paramecium

Front 55

Arguments for syncytial theory

Back 55

Similarities between ciliophora and aceleomates such as (body shape, size, feeding habits)

Front 56

Arguments against syncytial theory

Back 56

-Acelomates undergo complex embryonic development

-Flatworms may not be the most primitive metazoans

Front 57

Colonial theory

Back 57

metazoans started as a flagellated protozoan that forms aggregations

Front 58

Arguments for colonial theory

Back 58

-Many flagellated protozoans form loosely organized aggregations

-The body walls of the most primitive metazoan animals bear flagellated cells

-DNA data link the choanoflagellate protozoans to Porifera

Front 59

Arguments against colonial theory

Back 59

aggregating protozoans are known
mainly from freshwater, but the ancestor of the metazoans was almost certainly marine

Front 60

Growth factors in sponges

Back 60

-Wave action
- Currents
-Space available on substrate
-Contours of substrate
-Neighboring sponges, corals, rocks, etc.

Front 61

Three types of symmetry

Back 61

-assymetry

-bilateral

-radial

Front 62

Cephalization

Back 62

the concentration of nervous and sensory tissues and organs at the anterior end

Front 63

Germ layers

Back 63

groups of cells that act together during the
early stages of the embryo, and give rise to distinct tissue or organ systems in the adult

Front 64

Diploblastic

Back 64

two germ layers

Front 65

Triploblastic

Back 65

three germ layers

Front 66

Significance of coeloms

Back 66

-Gut is less affected by locomotor activity

- Internal space can accommodate changes in size of organs (full gut, developing eggs, etc.)

- Fluid can carry nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.

- Hydrostatic skeleton as a means of locomotion

Front 67

Infraciliature

Back 67

network of fibers connecting cilia

Front 68

Ciliophora characteristics

Back 68

-cilia

-infraciliature

-two nuclei

-cytostome
-trichocysts
-contractile vacuoles that are fixed in position
-stalks or pedestals for attachment

Front 69

Characteristics of Dinozoa

Back 69

-Cellulose plates
-Two distinct flagella, set in grooves

Front 70

Zooxanthellae

Back 70

photosynthetic species that provide nutrients to other animals (many corals, sponges, mollusks, worms, jellyfish, etc.

Front 71

Characteristics of Amoebozoa

Back 71

-Lack cilia
-Single type of nucleus
-Contractile vacuoles not fixed in position
Pseudopodia used for movement, feeding, or both

Front 72

Plasmodium

Back 72

aggregative phase of slime mold

Front 73

Cladogram

Back 73

shows the homologous traits used to classify certain groups

Front 74

Porifera

Back 74

sponges

Front 75

Cnidaria

Back 75

-jellyfish

-corals

-sea anemones

Front 76

Ctenophora

Back 76

-sea combs

-comb jellies

Front 77

Platyhelminthes

Back 77

-flatworms

-tapeworms

Front 78

Nematoda

Back 78

roundworms

Front 79

Annelida

Back 79

-earthworms

-leeches

Front 80

Rotifera

Back 80

rotifers

Front 81

Hemichordata

Back 81

Acorn worms

Front 82

Chordata

Back 82

-tunicates

-sea squirts

-lancelets

Front 83

Time of Cambrian explosion (in mya)

Back 83

540 mya

Front 84

Oldest known metazoan fossils

Back 84

543 to 635 mya

Front 85

Number of subdivisions of coelomic cavity in protosomes

Back 85

highly variable

Front 86

Number of subdivisions of coelomic cavity in deuterostomes

Back 86

three pairs of cavities

Front 87

Fate of earliest cells in protosomes

Back 87

determinate

Front 88

Fate of earliest cells in deuterostomes

Back 88

indeterminate

Front 89

Extrusomes

Back 89

organelles that can discharge content out of cells.

Front 90

Alveolate phylums

Back 90

-Ciliophora

-Dinozoa

-Apicomplexa

Front 91

Rhizaria phylums

Back 91

-Foraminifera

-Radiozoa

Front 92

Flagellated phylums

Back 92

-Parabasala

-Euglenozoa

-Choanozoa

Front 93

Characteristics of Heliozoa

Back 93

-Pseudopodia thin, fixed in place

-Have inner and outer body regions, but

no membrane