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343 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the following (re: CT Simulator): |
Procedures performed. Accessories utilized. Patient positioning. Beam parameters/energy utilized. Patient preparation. Sterile techniques utilized. |
6 total. |
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Describe the following (re: mould room): |
Procedures performed. Accessories manufactured. Patient positioning. |
3 total. |
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Angioplasty |
Use of a small balloon on the tip of a catheter inserted into a blood vessel to open up an area of blockage inside the vessel. |
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Arteriogram |
X-ray of the arteries and veins to detect blockage or narrowing of the vessels. (Aka angiogram) |
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Barium x-rays |
Type of diagnostic x-ray in which Barium is used to diagnose abnormalities of the digestive tract. Barium enema, Barium small bowel enema and Barium swallow are types of Barium x-rays. |
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Biopsy |
Surgical removal of a small piece of tissue to determine if the area is cancerous. |
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Blood count |
Blood test used to determine the number of various types of blood cells. |
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Scanning |
Process of recording emission of radioactive waves, using a gamma camera (scanner) after an intravenous injection of a radionuclide material into a particular part of the body being studied. |
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Bronchoscopy |
Direct examination of the air passages of the lungs. A narrow, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is gently inserted either into the nose or throat and then through the voice box, down the trachea and into the large airways of the lungs. |
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Colonoscopy |
Examination of the entire length of the colon using a lighted, flexible tube. |
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CT Scan |
Computerized tomography scan creates cross-section images of the body. |
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Cytoscope |
Thin, flexible lighted tube inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder. |
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Cytology |
Examination of cells under a microscope looking for abnormalities. |
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Embolization |
Insertion of a substance through a catheter into a blood vessel to stop hemorrhaging, or excessive bleeding. |
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Endoscope |
Thin, lighted instrument used to examine parts of the inside of the body. |
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Gamma camera |
Device used in nuclear medicine to scan patients who have been injected with small amounts of radioactive material. |
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Gallium scan |
Radiographic imaging of the body which measures the amount of the radioisotope gallium that is concentrated in a specific part of the body. |
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IVP |
An x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, taken after a dye is injected into a vein. |
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Lymphangiogram |
X-ray assessment of the lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in the hand or foot. |
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MRI |
Magnetic resonance imaging - diagnostic test, which uses magnetic fields to produce images of the body. |
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Mammogram |
Diagnostic x-ray of the breast to screen for tumors. |
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Myelogram |
X-ray of the spinal cord after the injection of a dye into the sac surrounding it. |
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Pap smear |
Microscopic examination of cells of the cervix. |
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Pyelography |
Radiographic procedure that provides visualizations of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. (intravenous pyelogram, excretory urogram) |
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PET |
Positron emission tomography - noninvasive diagnostic imaging that demonstrates the biological function of the body before anatomical changes take place. A radioactive tracer is injected into a vein to provide a colour-coded picture of the body. |
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Pulmonary function |
measures lung function |
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Sonography |
Use of ultrasound pictures of diagnosis. |
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Spinal tap |
Removal of spinal fluid for examination. (AKA lumbar puncture) |
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Stent |
Tiny, expandable coil that is placed inside a blood vessel at the site of a blockage. The stent is expanded to open up the blockage. |
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Tomography |
From the Greek words "to cut or section" (tomos) and "to write" (graphein), in nuclear medicine. Method of separating interference from the area of interest by imaging a cut section of the object. |
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Ultrasound |
Use of high frequency sound waves to create an image inside of the body. |
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Affiliated Hospitals |
Hospitals offering the clinical segments of our program |
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CAMRT |
Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists |
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Chief Technologist
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Technologist in charge of technical/clerical staff in the department. |
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Clinical Coordinator |
Faculty responsible for the overall clinical coordination of the program. |
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Clinical Instructor |
Hospital instructor who is responsible for supervision and the delivery of clinical instruction at a specific clinical site. |
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CMA |
Canadian Medical Association |
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CMU/CCU |
Cardiac monitoring unitt/cardiac coronary unit. |
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CPR |
cardiopulminary resuscitation |
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Confidentiality |
Safeguarding of medical information. |
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Department Manager |
Person in charge of the overall administrative and financial activities in the department. Their responsibilities may include the task of the Chief Technologist. |
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Diagnostic Imaging |
It includes mainly radiography, and also includes the US and MRI modalities. |
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Role of the Hospital |
a) Prevention of disease
b) diagnosis of disease c) care of patient: provide a cure/improve quality of life of patient d) involvement in teaching of health care providers e) involvement in science/research |
5 total. |
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Hospital Professionals |
It includes staff directly involved with the patient-physicians and paramedical health care providers such as technologists, therapists, nurses and staff that indirectly provide a service to the patient such as medical physicists, technical assistants, maintenance/support and administrative personnel. |
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ICU |
Intensive care unit: hospital ward where patients are closely monitored and cared for because they are critically ill. |
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JGH |
Jewish General Hospital |
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Medical Director of Department |
Radiologist/Radiation Oncologist in charge of the department. |
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Medical Record |
All components used to document chronologically the care and treatment rendered to the patient. |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
MRI - nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), or magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) use the property of nuclear magnetic resonance to visualize internal structures of the body. |
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MRSA |
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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MUHC |
McGill University Hospital Center |
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Nuclear medicine |
A specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive substances to examine organ function and structure. |
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Oncology |
The branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignancies. |
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Oncology Nurse |
Nurse especially trained in the field of oncology. |
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OR |
operating room |
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Orthopedics |
Medical specialty of bones and joints. |
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OTIMROEPMQ |
"Order des technologues en imagerie medicale, en radio-oncologie et en electrophysiologie medicale du Quebec." Main role is to protect the public (ensuring the public's rights to accessible, quality services.) The OTIMROEPMQ delivers certifying exams once the DEC is obtained and delivers a working permit to candidates who have successfully passed the certifying exams and the provincial French proficiency test from the "Office quebecois de la langue francais". |
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Patient Care |
Involves the interaction with patients on an ethical, caring, and professional level. |
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Patient Communication |
Emphasis on both verbal and non-verbal communication. |
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Pediatrics |
Science of caring for children |
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Professional Ethics |
Guidelines for moral and professional interaction with patients, their families, and members of the health care team. |
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Radiation Oncologist |
Medical physician specialized in radiation oncology. Their primary duties include the evaluation of patients undergoing radiation treatment, and the prescription and monitoring of the radiation treatment dose. |
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Radiation Oncology |
Department that treats malignant tumors with external (teletherapy) or internal (brachytherapy) radiation source. |
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Radiodiagnostic |
Radiodiagnostic is a discipline of Radiology; a modality that uses x-radiation for the diagnosis of disease. |
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Radiological Technologist (Nuclear Medicine) |
Health professional responsible for the production of diagnostic imagines using radioisotopes in vivo/in vitro. They are also involved with some therapeutic procedures. |
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Radiological Technologist (Radiation Therapist/Radiation Oncology) |
Health professional responsible for the planning and the delivery of the Radiation Oncology dose prescribed to the patient by the Radiation Oncologist. |
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Radiation Technologist (Radiography) |
Health professional responsible for the productiton of diagnostic images using x-rays (radiographers), U.S. (sonographers) and MRI (MRI technologists). They also assist the radiologist in US and with special/interventional procedures. |
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Radiologist |
Medical physician specialized in radiodiagnostic. Their primary duties include the production of a diagnostic report and performing fluoroscopy, special diagnostic and interventional procedures. |
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Radiology |
Includes diagnostic imaging (radiodiagnostic, MRI, CT, US), nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. |
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R.T.T;R.O.T;MRT, Therapist |
Registered professional active member of the OTIMROEPMQ/CAMRT |
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SRS |
Stretomycin resistant streptococus |
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Ultrasound (US) |
Ultrasound is an imaging modality that uses short sound waves to produce sectional images of soft issues of the body. |
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VRE |
vancomycin-resistant enterococci |
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WHMIS |
workplace hazardous materials information system |
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Acoustic Gel |
Gel placed on the patient's skin during an US examination. |
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Angulation |
It refers to the rotation of body planes or the source (x-ray tube or treatment gantry) |
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Anode |
Positive electrode: target of the x-ray tube. |
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Automatic Processor |
Allows the exposed film to become visible. It has four cycles: developer, fixer, washer and dry. |
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Axial Plane |
Plane that separates the body into superior and inferior segments. |
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Beams' Eye Views (BEVs) |
Visualization perspective that is "end-on" or positioned as if looking at a volume from the source or radiation. Made possible from collected CT data, this perspective is essential in three-dimensional planning. |
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Bit |
Smallest piece of information that can be represented in a computer. |
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Bit Depth |
Determined by the number of bits used to define each pixel. The greater the bit depth, the greater the number of tones (grayscale or color) that can be represented. |
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Blurring |
Unsharpness |
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Cathode |
Negative electrode of an x-ray tube. |
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Caudal |
Directed towards the feet.
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Cephalic |
Directed towards the head. |
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Contrast resolution |
Detected. Limited by the exposure range and quantization (number of bits per pixel) of the detector. |
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Contrast Media |
Substance used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Ex: iodine, barium |
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Coronal Plane |
Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior segments. |
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CT number |
Number assigned by the computer to represent the linear atttenuation coefficient of water. |
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Data acquisition |
Collection of data before it is processed into a digital image. |
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Decubitus |
Lying down position; dorsal/ventral/lateral decubitus |
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definition |
Ability to measure or see detail structure on the film |
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Density (optical) |
Measure of how much light can pass through a film. |
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Detector Element |
Smallest resolvable area in a digital imaging device |
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Detector Size |
Describes the useful imaging of an imaging device |
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DRR |
digital reconstructed radiograph |
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Exposure range |
Range of exposures over which a detector can capture an image |
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Fluoroscopy |
Dynamic x-ray image displayed on a TV monitor |
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Focal spot |
Area on a fixed target where x-rays are produced |
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image fusion |
Process of combining images from different modalities with a CT image.
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image intensifier |
Essential component of a fluoroscopy unit. It converts x-rays into a visible image and intensifies the brightness so that it can be recorded. |
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Image Noise |
Unwanted fluctuation unrelated to the object being imaged. |
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Image reconstruction |
Production of an image by the software after data acquisition. |
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Limiting Spatial Resolution (LSR) |
Highest number of line pairs that can be seen in an image |
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Oblique
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Positions, projection and view at angulation between 0 & 90 |
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Matrix Size |
Digital detector is the number of detectors elements. |
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Pixel |
Picture element, the smallest area of an image which is represented in digital image. Pixel dimensions are the horizontal and vertical measurements of an image expressed in pixels. |
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Photodiode |
Electronic element that converts light into charge |
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Position |
Placement of the body; upright, decubitus, supine, prone. |
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Quantization |
Process of assigning all x-ray detectors, a fixed number of levels that can be represented in a digital image. |
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Radiographic Contrast |
Difference between two shades of grey on a radiograph
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Radiolucent |
Allows radiation transmission to the film because of its low density, low atomic number or its small thickness. Radio-transparent is used as a synonym. |
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Radiopaque |
Prevents radiation transmission to the film (it absorbs the radiation) because of its high density, high atomic number or its large thickness. |
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Resolution |
Ability to distinguish fine spatial detail. |
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Right/Left Lateral |
Refers to position: lying on left or right side. It may also refer to a view or a projection: the side that is closest to the film. |
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RIS/PACS |
Refers to the Radiological Information System and the Picture Archive and Communication System. Together the two systems will allow diagnostic imaging in Saskatchewan to go digital. |
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Sagittal Plane |
Plane that divides the body into the right and left segments. |
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Scale of Contrast |
Number of shades of grey visible on an image. |
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Scintillator |
Material that absorbs x-ray energy and re-emits part of that energy as visible light. |
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Sharpness |
Clarity of the edge of a structure on a film |
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Source-Image-Distance (SID) |
Distance from the anode (source) within the x-ray tube to the IR |
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Tissue Densities |
Weight/Volume |
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Transducer |
Device that transmits ultrasound waves inside the patient. It also receives some of the waves which are reflected back and uses them to produce sectional images on a TV monitor. |
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Upright/Erect |
Standing or sitting |
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View
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Opposite of projection. The image as seen from the perspective of the recording device. |
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Voxel |
Volume elements |
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Absorbed dose |
The amount of energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation per unit of irradiated material. The unit of absorbed dose is the Gray (Gy) |
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Absorption/Attenuation |
Reduction in the intensity of the radiation beam as it traverses by absorption and/or scattering of the energy (photon) |
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Activity |
The number of nuclear disintegrations occurring in a given quantity of material per unit time. |
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Activity, specific |
The activity per unit of mass or volume of a given sample |
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ALARA |
As low as reasonably achievable: making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below dose limits as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest. |
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Alpha Particle |
A strongly ionizing particle emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay, having a mass and charge equal in magnitude to a helium nucleus, consisting of two protons and two neutrons with a double positive charge. |
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Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) |
The derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion a year. ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year. |
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ARS |
Acute radiation syndrome: acute illness caused by a dose greater than 50 cGy of penetrating radiation to most or all of the body in a short time, usually a matter of minutes. |
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Background radiation |
Ionizing radiation arising from radioactive material other than the one directly under consideration. Background radiation due to cosmic rays, and natural radioactivity, is always present. |
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Beam quality |
Penetrating power of the beam |
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Becquerel |
the international SI unit of radioactivity in which the number of disintegrations is equal to one disintegration per second |
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Beta particle |
Charged particle emitted from from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. A negatively charged beta particle is identical to an electron. A positively charged beta particle is called a positron. |
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bioassay |
The determination of kinds, quantities or concentrations, and, in some cases, locations of radioactive materials in the human body, whether by direct measurement (in vivo) or by analysis and evaluation of materials excreted or removed from the human body. |
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Bremsstrahlung |
Photon radiation produced by deceleration of charged particles (usually electrons) passing through matter |
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Calibration |
Determination of variation from standard, or accuracy, of a measuring instrument to ascertain necessary correction factors. The check or correction of the accuracy of a measuring instrument to assure proper operational characteristics. |
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Central Ray |
Center of the useful radiation beam |
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Contamination, radioactive |
Deposition of radioactive material in any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence may be harmful. |
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Critical organ |
The organ or tissue, the irradiation of which will result in the greatest hazard to the health of the individual |
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Decay, radioactive |
Disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable nuclide by the spontaneous emission of charged particles and/or conception. |
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declared pregnant worker |
A woman who has voluntarily informed her employer, in writing, of her pregnancy and estimated date of conception |
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Decontamination |
The reduction or removal of contaminating radioactive material from a structure, area, object or person. |
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Divergent Beam |
All rays within the useful beam except the central ray. The useful beam diverges from a point source (focal spot or radioactive source) |
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Dose |
Amount of radiation measured in air (exposure dose), at the skin (skin dose) or in tissues (absorbed dose) |
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Dose Equivalent |
the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest |
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Dose-rate |
Dose per unit of time |
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Efficiency (radiation detection instrument) |
A measure of the probability that a count will be recorded when radiation is incident on a detector |
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Electron Volt |
A unit of energy equivalent to the amount of energy gained by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 volt, abbreviated eV |
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Exposure |
Intensity or amount of radiation in air |
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External Dose |
The portion of the dose equivalent received from radiation sources outside the body |
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Gamma rays |
Very penetrating electromagnetic radiation frequency emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. Monochromatic radiant energy produced from the nucleus of isotopes. |
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Geiger-Mueller (G-M) Counter |
A radiation detection and measuring instrument consisting of a gas filled tube containing electrodes, between which there is an electrical voltage but no current flowing. When ionizing radiation passes through the tube, a short, intense pulse of current passes from the negative electrode to a positive electrode and is measured or counted. |
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Gray (Gy) |
The international SI unit of absorbed dose in which the energy is equal to one joule per kg |
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Half value layer |
Thickness of any specified material necessary to reduce the intensity of an x-ray or gamma ray beam to one-half its original value |
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Half life, biological |
Time required to eliminate 50% of a dose of any substance by the regular processes of elimination |
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Half-life, effective |
Time required for a radioactive nuclide in a system to be diminished by 50% as a result of the combined action of radioactive decay and biological elimination |
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Half-life, radioactive |
Time required for a radioactive substance to lose 50% of its activity by decay. Each radioisotope has a unique half-life |
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intensity |
amount of radiation |
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inverse square law |
the intensity of radiation at any distance from a point source varies inversely as the square of that distance |
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ionization |
the process by which a neutral atom or molecule acquires a positive or negative charge |
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ionizing radiation |
Any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms or molecules, thus producing ions |
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Isotopes |
Nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic number, but differing in the number of neutrons, and therefore in the mass number |
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kVp |
Kilo voltage peak: maximum voltage applied to the x-ray tube during exposure. Voltage is the electrical force that allows electrical charges to move between electrodes. |
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mA |
milli-Ampere: SI unit of electric current. 1 Ampere = amount of electric charge passing between the cathode and the anode. - or one Coulomb (electric charge of 1 electron) per sec |
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mAs |
1 mA * 1 sec |
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Mev |
Unit of energy - 1000 kV (1 MV) * charge of the electron
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Monitor Unit (MU) |
Unit of output measure used for linear accelerators. |
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Monitoring |
Measurement of radiation levels, concentrations, surface area concentrations or quantities of radioactive material and the use of the results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses |
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MV |
Megavolt - operating voltage of linear accelerators |
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Neutron |
elementary particle with a mass approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom and electrically neutral |
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NORM |
naturally occurring radioactive materials |
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occupational hazard |
Biological hazard relating to the nature of the work. Relevant to radiation workers: the increased risk of radiation induced cancer. This risk is extremely low when compared to the risk of death related to other professions. |
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Occupational radiation dose |
Dose rec'd by an individual in the course of employment. |
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OSL |
optically stimulated luminescence, a method for measuring doses from ionizing radiation |
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photon |
A quantum of energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays and x-rays are examples. |
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Primary Beam |
Useful beam before it interacts with matter |
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properties of electrons |
low mass, a charge of -1, can ionize matter and be deflected by an electric or magnetic field. |
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properties of gamma rays |
Originate from the nucleus of a radioactive element; they are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, have no mass and no charge but can ionize matter; they are monochromatic and highly penetrating: they travel in a straight line and diverge from the source at a constant speed |
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properties of x-rays |
Originate from the orbital shell of a high atomic number (Z) element; are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, have no mass and no charge but can ionize matter; are polychromatic and highly penetrating; travel in a straight line and diverge from the source at a constant speed. They can be produced by an x-ray tube or a linear accelerator. |
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proton |
elementary nuclear particle with a positive electric charge located in the nucleus of an atom
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quality factor |
A modifying factor that is used to derive dose equivalent from absorbed dose. It corrects for varying risk potential due to the type of radiation. |
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Rad |
old radiation unit - "radiation absorbed dose". 1 rad = 1 cGy |
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radiation detectors |
records the presence of radiation: air and light detectors
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radiation protection principles |
Time, Distance, Shielding Benefits vs Risks |
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Radiation protection devices |
Shielding, collimators, filters. Structural shielding. (walls) |
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radioactivity |
Spontaneous emission energy in the form of particles (alpha/beta) and gamma rays from radioisotopes |
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radioisotope |
Radioactive element - a nuclide with an unstable ratio of neutrons to protons, placing the nucleus in a state of stress. In an attempt to reorganize to a more stable state, it may undergo various types of rearrangement that involve the release of radiation. |
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radiosensitivity |
relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, etc to the injurious action of radiation |
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radiotoxicity |
term referring to the potential of an isotope to cause damage to living tissue by absorption from the disintegration of the radioactive material introduced into the body |
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scattered radiation |
change in the direction of the primary radiation following a partial absorption of the protons |
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scintillation counter |
A counter in which light flashes produced in a scintillator by ionizing radiation are converted into electrical pulses by a photomultiplier tube
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sealed source |
radioactive material that is permanently bonded or fixed in a capsule or matrix designed to prevent release and dispersal of the radioactive material under the most severe conditions |
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Sievert (Sv) |
Dose equivalent in tissue SI unit. 1 Sievert = 100 Rem |
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Source |
Refers to the x-/gamma-rays or electrons source |
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Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) |
Crystalline materials that emit light if they are heated after they are exposed to radiation. |
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alpha-cradle |
custom formable positioning immobilizer |
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anode |
positive electrode: target of the x-ray tube |
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arc therapy |
external beam teletherapy in which the source of radiation is moved about the patient on an arc during treatment |
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ARIA record and verify system |
systems managing patient information including the patient's complete cancer care regimen from scheduling through treatment through billing |
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BAT |
B-mode Acquisition and Targeting is an ultra sound based targeting system used with IMRT and external beam radiation, to precisely localize targets. |
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beam limiting devices |
Reduce the field of radiation to the area of interest. Collimators, cones and diaphragms. |
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Beam modifiers/Beam modifying devices |
Accessories inserted in the path of the radiation beam that modify its properties. |
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Betatron |
Machine in which electrons are accelerated in a circular orbit before being deflected onto a target to produce high energy x-rays. This type of equipment usually operates 10 to 31 MEV. |
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Bolus |
Tissue equivalent material usually used to increase skin dose and/or even out irregular contours of the patient. |
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Brachytherapy |
Internal radiation treatment using a radioactive source introduced within the body cavities or tissues. |
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Calipers |
Device used to measure patient thickness. |
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Cathode |
Negative electrode: filament of the x-ray tube.
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Central axis |
Central portion of the beam emanating from the target; the only part of the mean that is not divergent. |
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Cobalt-60 Unit |
Apparatus used in RO containing a natural source of radiation. |
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Collimator |
Light beam limiting device. Arrangement of shielding material designed to define x and y dimensions of the beam of radiation. |
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Compensator |
Measured slab of material placed in the treatment beam to allow selective transmission of areas of the treatment beam to compensate for unevenness of machine output or body contour. |
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Compression Devices |
Used to reduce part thickness, displace tissues, or as an immobilization device. |
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Cone |
tunnel shaped beam limiting device |
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control panel |
allows the tech to select technical factors/parameters |
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CT gantry |
doughnut-shaped apparatus that contains the x-ray tube and the radiation detectors. Axial images are produced as the patient moves within the gantry |
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CT simulator |
CT sim combines functionality of a conventional simulator with features and image processing and display tools of a 3-dimensional radiation therapy treatment planning system. |
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cyclotron |
circular accelerator used to produce high energy protons or neutron beams for therapy |
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electronic portal imaging |
Imaging hardware and software that allows for the imaging of treatment portals to verify treatment positions. Also used to determine that the desired prescription is being delivered to the designated area of the body. |
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Field Light |
Light preview of the TMT area. |
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Filament |
Cathode of the x-ray tube. Produces electrons. |
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Filter |
Photon beam modifier. Produces electrons. |
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Gamma knife |
Rad therapy in which high energy rays are aimed at a grain tumor from many angles in a single TMT session. |
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Gantry |
Large unit that supports the source and rotates the table. |
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Hand Grip |
Type of immobilization/support device. |
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High dose rate remote brachytherapy (HDR) |
HDR temporary brachytherapy involves placing very tiny plastic catheters into the treatment area and then giving rad TMTs through these catheters over a temporary period. |
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High tension generator |
Device that produces kilo voltage (kVp) needed for x-ray production |
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image guided rad therapy |
(IGRT) Rad TMT guided by imaging tech such as CT scans, MRIs or PET |
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Immobilization device |
Device that assists in reproducing the TMT position while restricting movement. (casts, masks, bite block) |
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interlocks |
safety switches blocking or terminating rad production |
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isocenter |
point of intersection of the 3 axes of rotation (gantry, collimator, and base of couch) of the TMT unit
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kilovoltage units |
equipment carrying out external-beam TMT x-rays generated at voltages up to 500-600kVp. |
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lasers |
used for beam delimitation and centering. Each positional laser projects a red or green beam of light. (crosses in TMT room) |
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lead blocks |
used as shielding |
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linear accelerator |
(Linac) TMT apparatus for accelerating charged particles in a straight line, either by a steady electric field or by a radio-frequency electric field. Produce x-rays and high energy electron beam.
4 major components: 1. Electronics cabinet (stand), houses a microwave energy generating source. 2. Rotating gantry containing the accelerator structure that rotates around the patient. 3. Adjustable TMT couch 4. Operating electronics |
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MLC |
multileaf collimator: distinct part of the linear accelerator that allows TMT field shaping and blocking through the use of motorized leaves in the head of the machine` |
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ODI |
optical distance indicator: sometimes called a rangefinder. Projects a scale onto the patient's skin which corresponds to the source-skin distance used during the sim or TMT process. |
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on-board imaging |
Consists of a kV x-ray source and silicon detector that enables high quality images to be taken out of the patient in their TMT position to verify and replicate daily setups. |
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Optical Guidance System |
System that continuously monitors fiducial markers during TMT to detect motion that may occur while the TMT is being delivered. |
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orthovoltage unit |
X-ray unit capable of producing x-rays with voltages between 200 and 300 kVp. Used for superficial TMT in RO
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Portal Film |
TMT unit verification film - check film |
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rad therapy portal imaging |
Digital imaging taken on the first day of TMT or weekly. Needed to verify the accuracy of the TMT field placement |
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RapidArc or VMAT |
RapidArc is a volumetric arc therapy that delivers a precisely sculpted 3D dose distribution with a single 360-degree rotation of the linear accelerator gantry. (Varian.) Called VMAT if Elekta
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rotating anode |
Positive electrode of the x-ray tube. Shaped like a disc. Electrons bombard its surface as it rotates, thus spreading the heat generated over a larger surface. (Focal track.) |
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shielding |
material between a rad source and a potentially exposed person that reduces exposure |
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stationary anode |
non-rotating positive electrode of x-ray tube |
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stereotaxic radiosurgery |
Rat therapy technique for brain tumors that uses a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull. Also stereotatic external-beam rad, stereotatic rad therapy. |
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target |
area where the electrons bombard the anode of the x-ray tube
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teletherapy |
TMT at a distance |
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Tomotherapy |
type of radiation in which the rad is delivered slice by slice. It has two collimating devices; primary collimator (or jaws), and the multi-leaf collimator |
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treatment console |
operating center where timers and system monitoring indicators are displayed
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treatment couch |
part of the linear accelerator; TMT couch is the area on which patients are positioned
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waveguide |
Hollow, tube-like structure within the linear accelerator that is used to accelerate injected electrons to near the speed of light prior to striking a target to produce photons |
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wedge |
Beam modifier that changes. Angle is defined relative to the horizontal plane of depth. |
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3DCRT |
3-D conformal radiotherapy |
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4DRT |
respiratory gated radiotherapy |
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4DCT |
4D computed tomography |
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AP/PA |
antero-posterior/postero-anterior projections |
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ART |
adaptive rad therapy |
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BAT |
b-mode acquisition and targeting. (used in IGRT) BAT uses 3-D US images to pinpoint the exact location of the prostate each time a patient is treated, allowing doctors to direct radiation to the precise spot. |
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BEV |
beam's eye view |
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BSF |
backscatter factor - low energy |
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CBCT |
cone beam computed tomography - 3D CT in which the source describes a helical trajectory relative to the object |
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CF |
collimator factor |
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CRT |
conformal radiotherapy |
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CT |
computed tomography |
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CTV
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clinical target volume; clinical tumor volume |
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Cx |
Chemotherapy |
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DART |
dynamic adaptive RT |
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DCR |
Digitally composited radiographs - provide greater verification of target volume definition and coverage than DRRs - compositing is a method that can be used to enhance or suppress structures based on attenuation values |
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dmax |
dept of maximum dose |
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DICOM |
digital imaging and communications in medicine. An international communications standard developed by NEMA that defines the format used to transfer medical image-related data between different pieces of medical equipment. DICOM RT is for radiotherapy data. |
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DMCL |
dynamic MLC therapy
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DRR |
digitally reconstructed radiographs - computer generated radiographs produced by projecting ray lines from virtual source through the virtual patient on to an image plane perpendicular to the source |
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DVH |
dose volume histogram - shows the volume of a given organ receiving dose levels |
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EBERT |
external beam radiation therapy |
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EPI |
echo-planar imaging |
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FAD |
focus axis distance |
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FFD |
focal film distance - most is 40" or 100cm. |
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FOD |
focus object distance. Object is the area of interest within the patient. |
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FRT |
fractioned radiotherapy |
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GTV |
gross target volume/gross tumor volume |
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HDR |
high dose rate brachytherapy |
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HIV |
human immune virus |
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HVL |
half-layer value |
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HVT |
half value thickness |
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IGRT |
image guided radiation therapy
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MRT |
intensity-modulated radiation therapy |
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IV |
intravenous; irradiated volume; IVP: intravenous pyelogram |
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LAO/LPO |
left anterior oblique/left posterior oblique |
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LDR |
low dose rate |
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LINAC |
linear accelerator |
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MLC |
multi-leaf collimator |
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MRI |
magnetic resonance imaging; diagnostic, non-ionizing |
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MVC |
megavoltage computed tomography |
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MU |
monitor unit - measure of machine output |
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NM |
nuclear medicine - primarily diagnostics. In-vivo/in-vitro use of radioisotopes. Focuses on physiology of cells/tissues. |
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OAR |
organs at risk |
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OBI |
on board imaging |
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ODI |
optical distance indicator |
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OR
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operating room |
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OSL |
optically stimulated luminescence |
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PET |
positron emission tomography |
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PDD |
percent depth dose |
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PSA |
prostatic specific antigen |
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PSF |
peak scatter factor |
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PTV |
planning target volume/planned tumor volume |
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QA |
quality assurance |
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RAO |
right anterior oblique |
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RDF |
relative dose factor |
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REM |
roentgen equivalent man |
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RO |
radiation oncology |
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RPO |
right posterior oblique |
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RT |
radiation therapy
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RTP |
radiation therapy planning
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Rx |
prescription |
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SAD |
source axis distance - area of interest of the pivotal point of rotation of the gantry |
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SBRT |
stereotactic body radiation therapy |
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SF |
scatter factor |
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SFD |
source film distance |
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SID |
source image distance |
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SPECT |
Single photon emission computed tomography - nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays |
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SRS |
stereotactic radiosurgery |
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STS |
soft tissue sarcoma |
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SSD |
source skin distance |
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Sx |
surgery |
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TAR |
tissue-air ratio |
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TLD |
thermolumiescent dosimeter |
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TMR |
tissue-maximum ratio |
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TMT |
treatment |
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TPR |
tissue phantom ratio |
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TTV |
total tumor volume |
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TV |
tumor volume;target volume |
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US |
ultrasound |
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VMAT |
volumetric modulated arc therapy
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WF |
wedge factor |
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What are the 4 classifications of radiation? |
1) corpuscular (particle) and non-corpuscular (electromagnetic) 2) ionizing or non-ionizing 3) according to its origin 4) according to its physical properties |
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