Introduction To Psych Chapter 1 Terms

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It is rare that humans do things for only one reason, there are

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Multiple-Determinants

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One of psychology's biggest issues, concerns biology vs. experiances/behavior

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Nature-Nurture Debate

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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state and external environment.

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Psychology

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What are the four main goals of psychology?

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1. To be able to describe behavior.
2. To arrive at a better understanding of behavior.
3. To predict behavior
4. To be able to control behavior.

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What are the three broad types of research?

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1. Pure/Basic
2. Applied
3. Program-evaluation

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Research done simply for the pursuit of knowledge

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Pure/Basic research

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Research to solve a specific problem, such as hate crimes.

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Applied research

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Adams, Wright, & Lohr (1996)

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Reported that students who expressed strong homophobic attitudes were sexually aroused when watching gay sex.

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Research within a program to achieve specific goals.

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Program-evaluation research

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How many types of psychologists are there?

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53

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Psychologists that have earned a Ph.D. and are trained to conduct research. Training focuses on serious psychological problems among the general population.

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Clinical/Counseling Psychologists

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Can hold master's or a Ph.D. Training focuses exclusively on children in school settings and families of children. Can also be professors.

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School Psychologists.

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Hold Ph.D.s Work in a variety of settings with research as the main task. Study the fundamental processes of behavior. Focus includes the nervous system, sensation, perception, learning and menory with usually nonhuman subjects.

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Experimental Psychologists.

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usually have Ph.D's and are professors/researchers at universities. Focus is to improve the education system for children and enhance teaching strategies.

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Educational Psychologists

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Can hold masters or Ph.D's and investigate ways to improve work settings and develop methods to increase profits.

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Industrial/Organization Psychologists

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Develop ideas about product placement etc.

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Consumer Psychologist

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Almost always have Ph.D's and are profs at universities. Study personality and create tests to measure traits and constructs.

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Personality and Developmental Psychologists.

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Something that we believe exists but the only evidence is based on the information provided by instruments that measure its existence. Examples: Time, self-esteem, agression, adjustment, anxiety.

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Constructs

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Aknist always have Ph.D's and work in a university setting. Study behavior of individuals amongst a group of people.

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Social Psychologists

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Specialize in ways to motivate athletes and minimize performance anxiety.

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Sports Psychologists

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They study ways to prevent crime and provide expert testimony in criminal cases

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Forensic Psychologists.

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Are M.D.s rather than Ph.D.s and view behavior from a medical standpoint

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Psychiatrists

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Wrote Peri Psyches and attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of human thoughts, behavior and motives.

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Aristotle

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The pursuit of knowledge by means of systematically controlled experimentation and measurement.

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Empiricism

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Set up the first psychology research lab in 1879. Argued that the mind could be studied scientifically similar to the way scientists study other natural events.

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William Wundt

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Established a school of thought called structuralism along with William Wundt

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E.B. Titchener

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The idea that concious experience could be broken down into 3 basic structures, sensation, feelings and images.

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Structuralism

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A form of self observation where an individual critiques his/her thoughts and feelings.

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Introspection

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One of Wundt's students who brought Psychology to the US and founded the American Psychological Assocation in 1892.

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G. Stanley Hall

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American Medical Dr. turned psychologist who questioned structuralism and founded functionalism

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William James

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A school of thought that asked the purpose or function of a conscious experiment. Influence on psychology dissipated but developed 2 subfields of biology.

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Functionalism

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Sub-field of biology that came from Functionalism. Examines the role of behavior in helping us adapt to our environment

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Ethology

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Sub-field of biology that came from Functionalism. Attempts to determine what extent a given behavior is biologically determined.

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Sociobiology

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Devised a test to identify students that did not profit from education.

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Alfred Binet, name of test- the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

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Technique developed by Sigmund Freud in a private practice like setting rather than a laboratory

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Psychoanalysis

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Unresolved psychological issues

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Neurosis

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Part of the mind not the focus of predecessors of Freud, which patients were unaware of....ish.

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The Unconcious Mind

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According to Freud, when did most of our unconscious conflicts originate?

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During childhood. We are then too immature to respond rationally to trauma.

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What are the two primary instincts that motivate human behavior according to Freud?

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Sex and Aggression

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When people feel better after only discussing their concerns

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The Cathartic Effect

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What did Freud mean when he said that dreams were the "royal road into the unconcious?"

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What we dream gives insight to our unconcious thoughts/feelings.

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One who is of the opinion that much of what we are today has been predetermined for us.

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Determinist

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Intocduced behaviorism. Wanted psychology to be a "science." Opposed Freud.

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John B. Watson

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Psychology should limit it's focus to only behaviors that can be observed

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Behaviorism.

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Certain actions and reactions during childhood effect us later in life.

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Stimulus- Response Patterns

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Developed Gestalt Psychology along with other Germans in the 1920's

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Wertheimer

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1920's psychological movement concerned with how events are percieved, and the whole context of behavior rather than isolated incidents.

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Gestalt Psychology

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A gestalt psychologist who went to the Canary Islands to study how apes performed intellectual tasks

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Kohler

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An ape studied by Kohler who showed "insight" into solving problems

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Sultan

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Carl Rogers, Rollo May and Abraham Moslow are examples of

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Humanistic Psychologists

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Type of psychologist who wanted to focus on humans' positive qualities and free will, rather than determined behavior.

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Humanistic Psychology

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The "first force" in psychology

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The Psychoanalytic approach

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The "second force" in psychology

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The Behavioral Approach

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The "third force" in psychology

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Humanistic psychology

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The fourth force

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The Multicultural Approach

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These psychologists argue that understanding a person's culture gives psychological insight, as we are a product of our culture.

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Multicultural Psychologists

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Idea that all of our behaviors/beliefs exist due to the evolution of those throughout time having aided us in our survival

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Evolutionary Psychology

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The first person of African Ancestry to obtain a doctorate degree in Psych-1920

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Francis Sumner

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African American who conducted numerous studies on counseling African Americans and wrote Psychology of Blacks- An Afrocentric Perspective

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Thomas Parham

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Mexican American who has published 50+ studies for mental health services for Lations/Hispanics

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Steven Lopez