Introduction To Microbiology & Microorganisms Ss

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Microbe

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microorganism, organisms that are microscopic

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Pathogens

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microorganisms that are capable of causing disease

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Microbiological Science:

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study of the relationship between microoganisms and the environment (planet, humans, animals etc)

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microorganisms were first discovered

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in the 1600's when Anton va Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) in 1660 built the first single lens microscope that could view microorganisms with the human eye. It was capable of magnifying things 50 to 300 times their actual size. He could see microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast. He also viewed and reported on things like plants, the life found in a drop of water, and also blood cells in capillaries.

An object was put on the end of a pin and then viewed through a lens that was behind a brass plate.

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Today the common types of microscopes are

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to view microscopic organisms are either the electron or light microscopes

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Light Microscopy

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a beam of light is passed through an object which allows it to be seen. Cellular structures can be magnified up to 1000 x

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microtone

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A tool called a microtone slices the tissue/cell into slices of 0.0002 inches thick (5 micrometere thick)

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Electron Microscopy:

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beams of electrons are passed through or reflected off objects. The objects that are viewed are shown with much finer detail.

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Tranmission electron microscopy (TEM):

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the electrons pass through sections of the object and can view them up to 500,000 x

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Scanning Electron Microscope:

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beams of electrons reflect off the suface of the object and can view objects up to 50,000 x.

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Quarantine

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comes from the word forty in Italian

Italy bought in a quarantine of 40 days where travellers were not to enter or leave, in an attempt to try and stop the spread of the plague.

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The Golden Age of microbiology

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the late 1800's to early 1900's where many many microorganisms that caused disease were identified.

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antibiotics

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discovered in the 1930's this allowed doctors to treat infections cause from known microorganisms, often saving peoples lives.

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viruses

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are much smaller than bacteria they could only be seen with an electron microscope, which wasn't perfected until the 1940's. Therefore vaccines for certain viruses were not developed until after this time.

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Types of Microorganisms include:

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1 Bacteria:
2 Fungi
3 Protozoa
4 Viruses
5 Algae
6 Achaea

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Heterotrophic

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eat organic matter to produce energy for living. This means they either eat other heterotrophs (many bacteria or animals) or autotrophs (plants)

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Autotrophic

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absorb light to produce energy and absorb simple organic material from their environment s e.g. plants absorb sunlight and absorb nutrients from the soil.

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Prokaryotic

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Bacteria, Achaea and Algae

Prokaryotic cells have an outer membrane (shell) that is made up of a single layer

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Eukaryotic

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Fungi and Protozoa (plants and humans also fall into this category of type of cells)

There are two types of Eukaryotic cells: Plant and Animal

Contain a double layer membrane made up of lipids (fats) that allow things to pass through
Plants have an additional rigid cell wall

he organelles inside the cell have their own membrane and are only visible via an electron microscope.

Contains a membrane bound nucleus which holds the cells DNA and this can be seen under a light microscope

DNA is essential for cell division

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1969

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American Biologist Robert Whittaker developed a 5-Kingdom system

Plants: multicellular autotrophs that photosynthesize
Animals: vertebrates, invertebrates and anthropods; heterotophic feeders
Fungi: yeasts, moulds & mushrooms; heterotophic decomposers
Monera: all multicellular prokaryotic organisms
Protista: slime moulds, some algae, & protozoa; unicellular organisms that were not plant, animal, bacteria or fungi

The way in which the organisms are divided into these five kingdoms is by:

1. whether the organisms has the presence or absence of a nuclear membrane
2. are they unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (many cells)
3. how the organism derives their nutrition (heterotrophic or autotrophic)

The Animal Kingom is the largest of these kingdoms and is broken down further into four main groups

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Chordates

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have a spinal cord and a skeleton inside the body
Mammalia humans, cats, dogs, sharks, horses etc
Amphibians: frog
Aves: birds
Reptiles: snakes, lizards
Pisces: fish

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Coelenterates

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the body cavity is hollow and it has 2 layers of cells

jelly fish

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Annelids

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have a body that is in segments

worms

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Anthropods

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jointed appendeges (arm & legs) and a skeleton on the outside the body

grasshoppers, insects, spiders

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Taxonomy Heirarchy:

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Taxon means level of classification and it is a way of naming living things:

Nomenclature: is a system of also naming things

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Put in order the groups in the taxonomy of naming living things starting at KINGDOM

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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Name

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Binomial Nomenclature:

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an Leeuwenhoek developed naming system for identifying species: and the genus and species names are used:

Written in italics

Genus is written with the first letter a capital letter

Species is all lower case

e.g. a lion is named as Panthera leo; Humans are Homo sapiens; an orangutan are Pongo pygmaeus