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62 Cards in this Set

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Tiny, rapidly swimming animals first observed under a microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s.
animalcules
A group of microorganisms consisting of a single species of cells with no external contamination.
pure culture
Tiny, medically relevant organisms including prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
microbes
The notion that microbes develop without any cellular parentage.
spontaneous generation
Enzymes discovered by Alexander Fleming in the early twentieth century that destroy bacteria by degrading bacterial cell walls.
lysozyme
A logic-based process scientists use to make observations about a specific phenomenon, develop a hypothesis to explain these observations, and arrive at provable conclusions.
scientific method
He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the 'Father of Immunology
Edward Jenner
was a Hungarian physician described as the "savior of mothers",[1] who discovered by 1847 that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection (by means of hand washing with chlorinated lime solution) in obstetrical clinics
Ignaz Semmelweis
a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Also successfully introduced carbolic acid (now called phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to reduced post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.
Joseph Lister
He created the first vaccine for rabies;research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. With this established, he invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to kill most bacteria and molds already present within them
Louis Pasteur
He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of eponymous postulates.
Robert Koch
His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum
Alexander Fleming
Which organisms are studied in microbiology:
prions
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites.
A two-titled naming system for organisms that includes the organism’s genus and species.
binomial system
Biological variants that exist between one or several genes in an organism.
biovars
The highest level of nomenclature division.
domain
Once thought to be blue-green algae, this form of bacteria uses sunlight to produce carbohydrates and fix nitrogen from the air, creating a bad taste and odor in drinking water supplies during summertime. They perform a major role in the worldwide production of oxygen.
Cyanobacteria
Bacterial organisms that have no nucleus. The term derives from the Greek terms “pro” (meaning before) and “kary” (meaning nucleus).
prokaryotes
Serological variants that exist between one or several genes in an organism.
serovars
The practice of naming and classifying microbes or other living organisms.
taxonomy
The various species of the domain Eukarya, which includes all organisms except bacteria. They contain a true (eu) nucleus.
eukaryotes:
The seven taxa are
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species.
taxa used to identify a microbe.
Genus and species
Similar organisms are called __________ if they vary in biological properties, or __________ , if they differ immunologically. __________ are any type of variation.
biovars; serovars; strains
Two domains of bacteria are:
Archaea and Bacteria.
The 2 fundamental types of cells, and why they are different?
The two types of cells are prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) have no nucleus. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus (Eukarya).
A viewing process in which scattered electrons are detected and the object’s surface is reconstructed by computer technology; especially good for visualizing surface structures.
scanning electron microscopy
A staining procedure that differentiates between two common types of bacteria.
differential stain
High-resolution microscope observation that uses electrons to illuminate tiny virus particles.
electron microscopy
A nutritious extract or mixture of materials that will support the growth of microbes.
medium
A process in which electrons pass through a specimen and heavy metals pile up around the virus and scatter electrons. This leaves dark areas that reflect the viral outline on the viewing screen.
transmission electron microscopy
A modification of the light microscope in which light coming directly through the specimen is blocked out so that light reflected off the bacteria can be readily seen.
dark-field microscopy:
What is the purpose of differential stain?
A differential stain adds two or more stains to bacterial specimens causing different types of bacteria to change into different colors. The different bacteria can then be recognized separately.
Advantage of electron microscopy vs, light microscopy are:
Viruses are too small (0.03–0.3 microns) to be seen by light microscopy. Electron microscopy can resolve down to about 0.002 microns to reveal fine surface structural details of even the smallest microbes.
A base that opposes thymidine (T) within the two strands of DNA.
adenine
Nucleic acid letters read in triplets so that each possible three-letter word codes for a specific amino acid. Act as a blueprint for how proteins will be organized.
codons
A base that opposes guanine within the two strands of DNA.
cytosine:
Proteins that serve to break down complete nutrients into smaller, useful molecules according to the energy requirements of each cell.
enzymes
A variety of nucleic acid and, along with ribonucleic acid, one of two types of molecules that encode genetic information.
deoxyribonucleic acid:
Large types of molecules found in numbers of 1 to 100,000 copies per cell. Includes proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids.
macromolecules
A base that opposes cystosine within the two strands of DNA.
guanine
Lipid components found in fungi that serve the same purpose as cholesterol in animals.
ergosterols
A single-strand structure that contains the sugar ribose and uridine (U) in place of the thymidine present in DNA.
messenger RNA:
Relatively small macromolecules that span the membrane of every cell; most contain phosphate and are called phospholipids.
lipids:
A string of three-letter codons that is usually 300 to 1000 base pairs long.
gene
Macromolecules in which sugars are polymerized into long chains.Provide strength to microbial cells to keep them from breaking open.
polysaccharides:
A variety of nucleic acid and, along with deoxyribonucleic acid, one of two types of molecules that encode genetic information.
ribonucleic acid:
A macromolecule consisting of a sugar-phosphate repeating structure that is usually large and can be millions of units long. Each sugar has one of four possible basic molecules, called bases or nucleotides, attached.
nucleic acid:
Macromolecules that comprise 100 to 600 amino acid residues. The majority of them are enzymes.
proteins:
A type of lipid useful as targets for antibiotic therapy of fungi.
sterols:
A material found in messenger RNA, as opposed to the thymidine that exists in DNA.
uridine:
The process of protein synthesis.
translation:
A base that opposes adenine (A) within the two strands of DNA.
thymidine:
What does it mean that a water molecule is polar?
A water molecule is polar because there is some positive charge at one end of the molecule and some negative charge at the other.
What are the major functions of enzymes?
Enzymes cause the breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules that are combined by other enzymes into the complex materials required by the cell. Enzymes also derive energy from chemicals for use by the growing cell.
What are the workers of a cell?
The workers of a cell are the enzymes, which are polymers of amino acids.
How many bases of RNA are required to code for one amino acid?
Three RNA bases are required for one amino acid.
How do RNA and DNA differ?
DNA is double stranded, has the sugar deoxyribose, and the nucleotide T (thymidine); RNA is single stranded, has ribose, and has U (uridine) in place of T.
bacterial cells have 35% Guanine, how much cystosine would it have? how much Adenine? Why?
The cell has 35 percent cytosine because C always equals G in DNA. It has 15 percent adenine because the remaining 30 percent of nucleotides must have equal amounts of A and T.
What is the main function of lipids in cells?
Lipids are small macromolecules that span cell membranes. They provide a nonpolar boundary to keep cellular contents in and unwanted materials out.
Steps of the Koch Postulates (Ch. 1)
1. Show organism exists in infested animal, but not others.
2. Obtain pure cx.
3. Produce s/s by inoculating healthy animals.
4. Isolate microbes from newly infected animals.