Introduction To Animal Diversity

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Monophyletic

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Consists of all the descendants and only the descendants of a common ancestor

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Clade

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A monophyletic group

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Heterotrophs

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Depend on producers for their raw materials and energy

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Body Plan

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Basic structure and functional design of the body

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Sessile

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Firmly attached to the ground or some other body surface

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Zygote

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Fertilized egg

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Cleavage

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A series of mitotic cell divisions that occur to a zygote

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Blastula

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A hollow ball of cells that develops during cleavage

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Larva

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A sexually immature form that may look very different from the adult

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Metamorphosis

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A developmental process that converts the immature animal into a juvenile form that can then grow into an adult

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Plankton

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Consists of the mainly microscopic animals and protists that are suspended in water and float with its movement; provides a ready source of food for many aquatic animals

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Opisthokonts

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A monophyletic group consisting of choanoflagellates, fungi, and animals

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Molecular Systematics

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The science that focuses on molecular structure to clarify evolutionary relationships

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Ediacaran Biota

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Earliest known animal fossils, from the Ediacaran period

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Cambrian Radiation

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The rapid appearance of an amazing variety of body plans from 542-515 mya

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Cambrian Explosion

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Informal name for the Cambrian Radiation

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Evo Devo

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Evolutionary developmental biology

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Hox Genes

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A group of regulatory genes that specify the anterior-posterior axis during development

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Symmetry

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The arrangement of body structures in relation to the body axis

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Radial Symmetry

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The body has the general form of a wheel or cylinder, and similar structures are regularly arranged as spokes from a central axis

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Biradial Symmetry

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Parts of the body have become specialized so that only two planes can divide the body into similar halves

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Bilateral Symmetry

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Can be divided through only one plane

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Cephalization

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The development of a head where sensory structures are concentrated

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Dorsal

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The back surface of an animal

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Ventral

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Underside

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Anterior

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Toward the head end of the animal

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Cephalic

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Another name for anterior

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Posterior

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Toward the tail end

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Caudal

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Another name for posterior

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Medial

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Located toward the midline of the body

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Lateral

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Toward one side of the body

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Superior

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Refers to a structure located above some point of reference, or toward the head of the body

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Inferior

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Located below some point of reference, or toward the feet

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Sagittal Plane

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Divides the body into right and left parts

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Frontal Plane

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Divides a bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts

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Transverse Section

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Cuts at right angles to the body axis and separates anterior and posterior parts

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Tissues

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Groups of closely associated, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions

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Germ Layers

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Layers formed by cells in early animal development

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Ectoderm

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The outer germ layer; gives rise to the tissues that form the outer covering of the body and to nervous tissue

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Endoderm

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The inner layer; forms the lining of the digestive tube and other digestive structures

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Diploblastic

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Have two tissue layers; refers to cnidarians and ctenophores

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Triploblatic

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Have three germ layers

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Mesoderm

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A third germ layer which gives rise to most other body structures, including muscles, skeletal structures, and circulatory system

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Coelom

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A fluid-filled body cavity between the outer wall of the body and the digestive tube

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Acoelomates

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Bilateral and triploblastic but have a solid body; that is, they have no body cavity

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True Coelomate

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An animal that has a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm

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Tube-Within-A-Tube

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The coelom is a space that separates the body wall, the outer tube, from the digestive tube, which is the inner tube

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Hydrostatic Skeleton

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Contracting muscles push against a tube of fluid

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Pseudocoelom

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A body cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm

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Pseudocoelomates

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Animals with a pseudocoelom, such as nematodes and rotifers

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Gastrulation

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A process that forms and segregates the three germ layers

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Protostomia

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The clade that consists of protostomes

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Deuterostomia

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The clade that consists of deuterostomes

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Protostomes

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Include mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and several other groups

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Deuterostomes

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Include the echinoderms and chordates

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Spiral Cleavage

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Early cell divisions are diagonal to the polar axis, resulting in a somewhat spiral arrangement of cells; any one cell lies between the two cells above or below it

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Radial Cleavage

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Characteristic of the deuterostomes; the early divisions are either parallel or at right angles to the polar axis

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Determinate Cleavage

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Example: if the first four cells of an annelid embryo are separated, each cell develops into only a fixed quarter of the larva

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Indeterminate Cleavage

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Example: if the first four cells of a sea star embryo are separated, each cell can form a complete, though small larva

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Blastopore

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The opening to the outside of the embryo from the gut \

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Schizocoely

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The mesoderm splits and the split widens into a cavity that becomes the coelom

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Enterocoely

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The mesoderm forms as "outpocketings" of the developing gut

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Metazoa

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Animals

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Eumetazoa

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Animals with two or three germ layers

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Bilateria

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The lineage of animals with bilateral symmetry

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Lophotrochozoa

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Characterized by a lopophore, a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth that serves as a feeding organ, or a type of larva called a trochophore larva

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Ecdysozoa

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Animals in this group molt

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Segmentation

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A body plan in which certain structures are repeated, producing a series of body compartments