Intro To Animal Diversity

Front 1

Features that are shared by all animals

Back 1

Multicellular
heterotrophic,
eukaryotes,
tissues develop from embryonic layers

Front 2

define tissues

Back 2

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

Front 3

Most animals have a ___________ stage in life, not humans.

Back 3

larval, a sexually immature form of an animal that morphologically distinct from the adult. these usually undergo a metamorphosis.

Front 4

List the stages of early embryonic development

Back 4

1. The zygote of the animals undergoes a series of mitosis cell divisions called a cleavage.
2. An eight cell embryo is formed.
3. in most animals, the cleavage produces a multicellular stage called a blastula.
4. Most undergo a gastrulation where it folds in itself and makes a blastocoel
5. The blastocoel opens to the outside with a blastopore.
6. The endoderm develops.

Hint 4

Front 5

layers of a gastrula

Back 5

Front 6

the closest living relative of animals and why we believe that

Back 6

Chanoflagelletes
1. DNA sequence data indicate they are sister groups
2. Similar collar cells have been identified in other animals like cnidarians flatworms and echinoderms.
3. Morphologically cola cells are identical to sponge collar cells

Front 7

hox genes are known for

Back 7

development of animals embryo

Front 8

What was the Cambrian explosion and when was it?

Back 8

During the Paleozoic era, the Cambrian explosion was a wave of animal diversification around 535-525 million years ago.

Front 9

Why is the Cambrian explosion significant?

Back 9

Paleontologists have found about half of all extant animal phyla, including arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms. Also most of the fossils are bilaterians.

Front 10

What are some theories for why the Cambrian explosion occurred?

Back 10

1. Predators acquired new adaptations while prey had to find new defenses, this could force Natural selection which would have lead to a decline of soft bodied Edicarian species.
2. An increase in atmospheric oxygen. More oxygen would have favored animals with higher metabolic rates, while potentially harming others.
3. A genetic change, like the development of hox genes and the new addition of microRNA facilitated evolution.

Front 11

When is the Cenozoic era and what are some markers for it?

Back 11

65.5 million years ago to Present
Ushered in after the mass extinctions of marine and terrestial animals. There has been a rise in large mammalian herbivores and the global climate gradually cooled.

Front 12

What are body plans and give an example

Back 12

A particular set of morphological and developmental traits. Some examples would be symmetry, tissues, body cavities, and protosome/deutrosome development

Front 13

Types of Symmetry and an example

Back 13

Asymmetrical - lack of symmetry like a sponge
Radial Symmetry- animals that have a top and bottom side but no front or back, can be cut through center anywhere and be symmetrical. Like a sea anemone.
Bilateral symmetry - Has a front and back and a top and bottom like a lobster

Hint 13

Front 14

Germ Layers

Back 14

Tissue layers that develop during the layering in gastrulation and form the various organs and tissues in the body. Note sponges lack these as they do not have true tissue.

Front 15

Ectoderm

Back 15

The germ layer covering the surface of the embryo. This gives rise to the outer covering of animal. and in some the nervous system.

Front 16

Endoderm

Back 16

the innermost germ layer. lines the pouch that during gastrulation and gives rise to the linings of the digestive tract and organs such as the liver.

Front 17

diploblastic

Back 17

Only two germ layers. Only a few animal groups have this like cnidarians.

Front 18

Mesoderm

Back 18

A germ layer the lies between the ectoderm and the endoderm. only present in triploblastic animals

Front 19

Body Cavities and functions

Back 19

in most triploblastic animals this is a fluid or air filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall.
It helps to suspend organs it enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall.

Front 20

Coelomate

Back 20

Front 21

Pseudocoelomate

Back 21

Front 22

acoelomate

Back 22

Front 23

coelom formation

Back 23

in protosome development coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm in deutrosome formation he coelom forms from the outpocketing of the archneteron

Front 24

Fate of blastopore in protosome and deutrosome development

Back 24

protosome mouth then anus
deutrosome anus then mouth

Front 25

Since animals probably evolved from colonial protists, how do they differ?

Back 25

Animals have more cells and their cells show greater specialization.

Front 26

During animal development, cleavage leads to _________,

Back 26

A multicellular blastula

Front 27

Many young animals are _____, a sexually immature form that is morphologically distinct from the adult.

Back 27

Larvae

Front 28

Young animals go through ______, which leads to becoming a _______, that resembles adults but is sexually immature.

Back 28

Metamorphosis

Juvenile

Front 29

Order of embryonic stages

Back 29

Zygote, blastula, gastrula, larvae

Zebras bite grass lightly

Front 30

The development of Hox genes occurred when?

Back 30

During the Cambrian explosion

Front 31

Flight evolved in pterosaurs and birds when?

Back 31

Mesozoic era

Front 32

Cephalizatio is generally associated with _____

Back 32

Bilateral symmetry

Front 33

Ectoderm and endoderm are associated with

Back 33

Cnidarians

Front 34

Ectoderm gives rise to ____ mesoderm gives rise to ___ and endoderm gives rise to------

Back 34

Central nervous system, muscle, and lining of the digestive tract

Front 35

Coelomate

Back 35

A body cavity lined with mesoderm

Front 36

Pseudocoelomate

Back 36

Lined with endoderm and mesoderm

Front 37

Why is the presence of a coelom advantageous?

Back 37

It allows for room for the development and movement of internal organs

Front 38

Indeterminate cleavage produces embryonic cells that

Back 38

Retain the capacity to develop into a new embryo

Front 39

The zygote of many protosome undergo ______ cleavage and ------ cleavage

Back 39

Spiral

Determinate

Front 40

Cell fate is determined ______ during embryonic development for protosomes.

Back 40

Early

Front 41

The clade Ecdysozoa is named for what characteristic

Back 41

The secretion of a stiff external skeleton