Animal Diversity

Front 1

Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis

Back 1

According to this hypothesis, animals are descended from an ancestor thatresembled a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells

Front 2

Choanoflagellates

Back 2

Living protozoans most closely related toanimals

Front 3

Germ Layers

Back 3

The first three tissue layers that give rise to the organs and organ systems of complex animals.

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Diploblastic

Back 4

Having only two tissue layers as embryos.

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Triploblastic

Back 5

Having three tissue layers as embryos and these animals develop further

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Endoderm & Ectoderm

Back 6

Enumerate the two tissue layers of diploblastic embryos

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Endoderm, Mesoderm & Ectoderm

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Enumerate the three tissue layers of triploblastic embryos

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Cnidarians & comb jellies

Back 8

Examples of diploblastic organisms

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Assymetrical

Back 9

Type of symmetry where organisms have no particular body shape.

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Radial

Back 10

Type of symmetry where an imaginary line slice through the central axis dividing the animal into mirror images

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Sponges

Back 11

Example of animal with assymetrical symmetry

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Cnidarians & comb jellies

Back 12

Example of animals with radial symmetry

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Bilateral

Back 13

Type of symmetry where organisms have definite left and right half, and only a longitudinal cut down the center ofthe animal will produce two equal halves.

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Cephalization

Back 14

The location of a brain and specialized sensory organs at the anterior end of an animal

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Coelom

Back 15

A body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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Coelomates

Back 16

They have true coelom

Front 17

Pseudocoelomates

Back 17

Have a body cavity lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and by tissue derived from endoderm

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Cell cleavage

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Process by which the number of cells in a developing embryo is multiplied through cell division

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Spiral, determinate

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Cleavage of a developing protostome

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Radial, indeterminate

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Cleavage of a developing deuterostome

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Schizocoelous

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Solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom

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Enterocoelous

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Folds of archenteron form coelom

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Gastrula

Back 23

What stage do coelom formation begin?

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Mouth

Back 24

In protostome development, what forms from the blastospore?

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Anus

Back 25

In deutorostome development, what forms from the blastospore?

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Ecdysozoa & lophotrochozoa

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The 2 groups of protostome

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Lophophores & trochophores

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The 2 groups of lophotrochozoa

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Open system

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Circulatory system where fluid leaves blood vessels

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Closed system

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Circulatory system where fluid stays in blood vessels

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Segmentation

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Having a body composed of units that repeat along its length

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Porifera

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Phylum that includes sponges

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Sponges

Back 32

They lack true tissues and have a cellular level of organization

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Mesohyl

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Gelatinous matrix separating the two layers of a sponge's wall

Front 34

Pores

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Structures formed by doughnut-shaped cells through which water enters the sponge

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Spongocoel

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Cavity inside a sponge where water passing through pores enter

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Choanocytes

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Flagellated cells lining the spongocoel that creates a current that draws water in through the pores and out through the osculum

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Amoebocytes

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Cells that transport nutrients to other cells of a sponge's body, produce material for spicules or become any type of sponge cell as needed

Front 38

Callyspongia plicifera

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Scientific name of the Azure vase sponge

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Spongin

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A modified form of collagen that all sponges have

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Aplysina fistularis

Back 40

Scientific name of the yellow tube sponge

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Spicules

Back 41

Small needle-shaped structures with one to six rays that forms the endoskeleton of sponges

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Siliceous, spongin & calcareous

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3 types of spicules used to classify sponges

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Ctenophora

Back 43

Phylum that includes the comb jellies

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Comb jellies (Ctenophora)

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Solitary, mostly free swimming marine organisms that are diploblastic and have radial symmetry whose bodies are made up of mesoglea and does not have stinging cells

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Combs

Back 45

The beating cilia of comb jellies

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Mesoglea

Back 46

Transparent, jellylike substance that makes up comb jellies

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Colloblasts

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Sticky adhesive cells of comb jellies used to capture prey

Front 48

Bioluminescent

Back 48

Having the capability to produce their own light

Front 49

Cnidaria

Back 49

Phylum that includes the hydras, corals, & jellyfishes

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Cnidocytes

Back 50

Specialized stinging cells of cnidarians

Front 51

Nematocyst

Back 51

Fluid-filled capsule inside the cnidocyte that contains a long, spirally coiled hollow thread

Front 52

Gastrodermis

Back 52

Inner body wall layer of cnidarians derived from endoderm

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Gastrovascular cavity

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Internal cavity of cnidarians where the gastrodermis secretes digestive juices into

Front 54

Medusozoans & Anthozoans

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2 Groups of Cnidarians

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Scyphozoa, Cubozoa & Hydrozoa

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3 Classes of Medusozoans

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Chironex fleckeri

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Scientific name of sea wasp

Front 57

Physalia physalis

Back 57

Scientific name of the Portuguese man-of-war

Front 58

Epitheliomuscular cells

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The cells of the epidermis of hydrozoans

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Interstitial cells

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Cells in the epidermis of hydrozoans that are capable of becoming an ovary and/or testis

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Planula

Back 60

Solid, ciliated larva of Obelia

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Fringing

Back 61

Reef ecosystem where the reef grow close to the shore

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Barrier

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Reef ecosystem where reefs grow close to the shore but they have a lagoon that separates it from the shore

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Atoll

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A ring of coral that grows on a submerged volcano or mountain

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Lophophore

Back 64

Feeding apparatus of lophophorates that is made up of a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth

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Plumatella repens

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Scientific name of the creeping bryozoan

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Terebratulina retusa

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Scientific name of the lampshell

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Ectoprocts & Brachiopods

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2 groups of lophophorates

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Ectoprocts

Back 68

Colonial animals that resemble clumps of moss

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Brachiopods (lamp shells)

Back 69

Resemble bivalves but its two halves shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral

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Platyhelminthes

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Phylum that inclues flatworms

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Flatworms

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Triploblastic aceolomates who have bodies that are flattened dorsoventrally

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Flame bulbs (Protonephridia)

Back 72

Network of tubules with ciliated structures in platyhelminthes that pull fluid through ducts opening to the outside

Front 73

Dugesia

Back 73

Genus of planaria

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Planaria

Back 74

Free-living platyhelminthes that are abundant in unpolluted streams & ponds and use cilia for movement

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Ganglia

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Dense cluster of nerve cells at the anterior end of a planaria

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Ventral nerve cords

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Runs from the ganglia to the length of the planarian's body

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Trematodes

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Parasitic platyhelminthes that requires an intermediate host before infecting the final host

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Schistosoma

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Genus of blood flukes

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Schistosomiasis

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Also known as snail fever, is a disease whose symptoms include pain, anemia & diarrhea

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Miracidia

Back 80

Ciliated larva of blood flukes that enter a snail

Front 81

Cercariae

Back 81

Developing larvae of blood flukes that are inside a snail

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Cestodes

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Parasitic platyhelminthes that live mostly inside vertebrates

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Scolex

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Anterior end of tapeworms with suckers and hooks that is used to attach itself to the intestinal lining of its host

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Proglottids

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Posterior of tapeworms that are sacs of sex organs

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Taenia

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Genus of tapeworm

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Turbellaria, Trematoda & Cestoda

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3 classes of platyhelminthes

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Convoluta

Back 87

Example of Turbellaria

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Schistosoma & Fasciola

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Examples of Trematoda

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Taenia & Protocephalus

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Examples of Cestoda

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Rotifera

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Wheel animalcules or wheel bearers

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Rotifers

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Smaller than many protists but anatomically complex than flatworms

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Corona

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Crown of cilia in the head of Rotifers that is used for locomotion & feeding

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Alimentary canal

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Mouth & anus of rotifers

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Trophi

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Jaw of rotifers posterior to the mouth that grinds up food

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Bdelloidea

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Class of Rotifers that reproduce asexually for 50 million years

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Mollusca

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Phylum that includes chitons, limpets, slugs, snails, abalones, conchs, nudibranches, clams, scallops, squids & octopuses

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Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Monoplacophora & Cephalopoda

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5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca

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Radula

Back 98

Rasping, tonguelike organ of molluscs that bears many rows of teeth

Front 99

Visceral mass, mantle & foot

Back 99

3 Parts of a mollusc's body plan

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Visceral mass

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The internal organs of molluscs

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Mantle

Back 101

A fold of tissue that covers the visceral mass of molluscs that also secretes the shell

Front 102

Mantle cavity

Back 102

Space between the mantle folds that houses the gills, anus & excretory pores of molluscs

Front 103

Foot

Back 103

Muscular organ used by molluscs for locomotion, attachment, food capture, and others

Front 104

Metanephridium

Back 104

Excretory organs that remove metabolic wastes from the hemolymph of molluscs

Front 105

Hemolymph

Back 105

Circulatory fluid of molluscs

Front 106

Blue hemocyanin

Back 106

Respiratory pigment of molluscs

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Trocophore

Back 107

Ciliated larva stage of molluscs

Front 108

Polyplacophora (Chitons)

Back 108

Members of this class have oval-shaped, unsegmented bodies with shells composed of eight dorsal plates

Front 109

Gastropoda

Back 109

Class of Phylum Mollusca that includes snails & slugs

Front 110

Bivalvia

Back 110

Class of Phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, shipworms, mussels and scallops

Front 111

Hinge

Back 111

Marginal process of the dorsal side of bivalves where the valves are articulated

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Ligament

Back 112

Elastic & poorly calcified structure of bivalves connecting the valves used to open the shells

Front 113

Adductor muscles

Back 113

Structures in bivalves used to close/pull the shells fixed at inner valve sides

Front 114

Mytilus edulis

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Species of mussels

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Pecten

Back 115

Genus of scallop

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Cephalopoda

Back 116

Class of Phylum Mollusca that are made up of active marine predators that have well-developed sense organs

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Octopus

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Cephalopod that has well developed brains and a remarkable capacity for learning; considered to be among the most intelligent invertebrates

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Chambered nautiluses

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Small group of cephalopods with external shells

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Jet propulsion

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Cephalopods are propelled by?

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Architeuthis dux

Back 120

Scientific name of giant squid

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Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni

Back 121

Scientific name of colossal squid

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Ammonites

Back 122

Shelled cephalopods that were the dominant invertebrate predators of the seas until their disappearance during the Cretaceous mass extinction

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Annelida

Back 123

Phylum also called segmented worms

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Annelida

Back 124

Phylum that includes earthworms, marine worms & leeches

Front 125

Polychaete, Oligochaeta & Hirudinea

Back 125

3 Traditional groups of Annelids

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Errantia & Sedentaria

Back 126

2 Clades of Annelids according to Polygenomic studies

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Errantia

Back 127

Annelid clade that are marine and mostly motile; segmented with paddle-like structures for locomotion; has chaetae; & has well developed jaws and sensory organs

Front 128

Chaetae

Back 128

Bristles made of chitin found at the tips of parapodia in Errantia

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Parapodia

Back 129

Prominent paddle-like or ridge-like structures used by Errantia for locomotion

Front 130

Nereimyra punctate

Back 130

Scientific name of an example of Errantia

Front 131

Cirri

Back 131

Long, sensory organs that extend from the burrow of Errantia that is used for hunting & detecting its prey

Front 132

Sedentaria

Back 132

Clade less mobile than Errantia and contains oligochaetes, leeches & earthworms

Front 133

Spirobranchus giganteus

Back 133

Scientific name of Christmas tree worm

Front 134

Hirudo medicinalis

Back 134

Scientific name of a leech

Front 135

Hirudin

Back 135

A chemical secreted by leeches which keeps the host's blood from coagulating near the incision

Front 136

Lumbricus terrestris

Back 136

Scientific name of earthworms

Front 137

Gizzard

Back 137

Thick muscular structure that grinds up food in earthworms

Front 138

Nephrostome

Back 138

Opening of the metanephridia that collects coelomic fluid in earthworms

Front 139

Clitellum

Back 139

Secretes mucus that holds in place earthworms when they mate and also protects the sperm from drying out

Front 140

Nematoda

Back 140

Phylum that includes the roundworms

Front 141

Roundworms

Back 141

Nonsegmented, colorless worms that are free living and/or parasitic

Front 142

Caenorhabditis elegans

Back 142

Scientific name of a free-living nematode

Front 143

Ascaris

Back 143

Nematode than can cause pneumonia-like symptoms when in the lungs; or malnutrition, blockage of bile duct, pancreatic duct & appendix when in the intestines

Front 144

Elephantiasis

Back 144

A disease in humans caused by the filarial worm

Front 145

Wuchereria bancrofti (Filarial worm)

Back 145

Scientific name of the worm that causes elephantiasis

Front 146

Arthropoda

Back 146

Phylum whose members have well-regionalized, segmented bodies; hard exoskeletons; and jointed appendages

Front 147

Trilobite

Back 147

Early arthropods

Front 148

Hallucigenia

Back 148

A lobopod that is an ancestor of arthropods

Front 149

Head, thorax & abdomen

Back 149

The 3 Pairs of Jointed Appendages in Arthropods

Front 150

Jointed appendages

Back 150

Hollow tubes of arthropods moved by muscles

Front 151

Gills

Back 151

Vascularized, highly convoluted, thin walled tissue that are found in marine athropods

Front 152

Chelicerata

Back 152

Arthropod subphylum that includes sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites & spiders

Front 153

Myriapoda

Back 153

Arthropod subphylum that includes centipedes and millipedes

Front 154

Pancrustacea

Back 154

Arthropod subphylum that includes insects, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles and other crustaceans

Front 155

Chelicerae

Back 155

Clawlike feeding appendages of chelicerates

Front 156

Arachnids

Back 156

Chelicerates that have cephalothorax, andomen and 6 pairs of appendages; includes scorpions, spiders, ticks and mites

Front 157

Chelicerae

Back 157

6 pairs of appendages found in the mouth of arachnids

Front 158

Pedipalps

Back 158

Pair of appendages found in arachnids that are used in sensing, feeding, defense, or reproduction

Front 159

Book lungs

Back 159

Stacked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber inside spiders used for gas exchange

Front 160

Web of silk

Back 160

A liquid protein produced by specialized abdominal glands of spiders

Front 161

Spinnerets

Back 161

Organs than spin silk in spiders

Front 162

Ballooning

Back 162

Behavior observed when small spiders extrude silk into the air and let themselves be transported by wind

Front 163

Horseshoe crabs

Back 163

Marine living fossils of arthropods

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Prosoma

Back 164

Front shell of horseshoe crabs

Front 165

Opisthosoma

Back 165

Back shell of horseshoe crabs

Front 166

Telson

Back 166

Spike-like tail of horseshoe crabs

Front 167

Hemocyanin

Back 167

Blue colored protein found in horseshoe crabs that is due to the copper that transports the oxygen

Front 168

Diplopoda & Chilopoda

Back 168

2 Classes of Myriapods

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Millipedes (Diplopoda)

Back 169

Myriapods that have 2 pairs of legs in each segment and eats decaying leaves and other plant matter

Front 170

Centipedes (Chilopoda)

Back 170

Myriapods that only have 1 pair of legs in each segment and are carnivores

Front 171

Crustacea

Back 171

Class of pancrustacea that includes copepods, krills, decopods, barnacles

Front 172

Biramous appendages

Back 172

Thorax and abdomen of crustaceans

Front 173

Decapods

Back 173

Order of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crabs, crayfish, hermit crabs & shrimp

Front 174

Grapsus grapsus

Back 174

Scientific name of Sally lightfoot crab

Front 175

Lysmata grasbhami

Back 175

Scientific name of Red-backed cleaning shrimp

Front 176

Diaptomus

Back 176

Genus of copepod

Front 177

Lepas anatifera

Back 177

Scientific name of Gooseneck barnacles

Front 178

Ghost crabs

Back 178

Nocturnal crabs that live on sandy ocean beaches worldwide and take shelter in burrows during the day

Front 179

Krill

Back 179

Planktonic crustaceans are consumed in vast quantities by some whales

Front 180

Pereopods

Back 180

Walking legs of shrimps

Front 181

Pleopods

Back 181

Swimmerets or swimming legs of shrimps

Front 182

Carapace

Back 182

Nonsegmented structure covering the cephalothorax

Front 183

Claspers

Back 183

Strong paddlelike structures used to pass sperm to the female crayfish

Front 184

Uropods & telson

Back 184

Last 2 segments of shrimps/crayfish that is a fan-shaped tail

Front 185

Chelicerata, Myriapoda & Pancrustacea

Back 185

3 Subphyla of Arthropods

Front 186

Crustacea & Hexapoda

Back 186

2 Classes of Subphylum Pancrustacea

Front 187

Calcareous, Demospongiae & Hexactinellida

Back 187

3 Groups of Sponges

Front 188

Echinoderms

Back 188

Slow-moving or sessile marine animals that have thin epidermis that covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous dermal ossicles or plates; most species are prickly

Front 189

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, & Crinoidea

Back 189

5 Clades of Echinodermata

Front 190

Asteroidea (Sea stars)

Back 190

Echinoderm clade whose members have arms radiating from a central disk

Front 191

Madreporite

Back 191

Allows water to flow in or out of the water vascular system of asteroidea

Front 192

Ampulia

Back 192

Bulb-like structures that make up each tube foot of asteroideans that when squeezed, forces water into the podium

Front 193

Acanthaster planci

Back 193

Scientific name of Crown of thorns

Front 194

Crown of thorns

Back 194

Coral-killing sea star that feed on reef building corals and cause widespread devastation of coral populations affecting reef fish & benthic communities

Front 195

Ophiuroidea

Back 195

Clade of Echinodermata that includes the brittle stars

Front 196

Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea)

Back 196

Echinoderms that have distinct central disk and long, flexible arms

Front 197

Echinoidea

Back 197

Clade of Echinodermata that includes sea urchins & sand dollars

Front 198

Echinoidea

Back 198

Echinoderms that have no arms and have 5 radially arranged groups of tube feet

Front 199

Aristotle's lantern

Back 199

Highly complex, jaw-like structures surrounding the mouth of echinoideans

Front 200

Crinoidea

Back 200

Clade of Echinodermata that includes sea lilies and feather stars

Front 201

Holothuroidea

Back 201

Clade of Echinodermata that includes sea cucumbers

Front 202

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea)

Back 202

Echinoderms that lack spines and have reduced endoskeleton

Front 203

Evisceration

Back 203

Removal of guts of echinoderms that is used for defense or if they are threatened

Front 204

Lancelets & tunicates

Back 204

2 Basal Groups of Invertebrates

Front 205

Notochord

Back 205

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord of chordates

Front 206

Cephalochordata

Back 206

Subphylum of Chordata that includes the lancelets/Amphioxus

Front 207

Branchiostoma

Back 207

Example of lancelets

Front 208

Urochordata

Back 208

Subphylum of Chordata that includes the sea squirts/tunicates

Front 209

Agnatha, Amphibia, Aves, Chondrichthyes, Mammalia, Osteichthyes, Reptilia & Sarcopterygii

Back 209

Enumerate the 8 Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata

Front 210

Monotremes, Marsupials, & Placentals

Back 210

Enumerate the 3 Groups of Mammalia

Front 211

Ctenophora, Annelida, Nematoda, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Rotifera, Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Porifera & Platyhelminthes,

Back 211

Enumerate the 11 Phylums of Kingdom Animalia

Front 212

Cephalocordata, Urochordata & Vertebrata

Back 212

3 Groups of Chordates