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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Canine TPR
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38.3 - 39.5 C 70 - 140 bpm 10 - 30 breaths per minute |
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Feline TPR
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38.2 - 38.6 C 100 - 200 bpm 20 - 30 breaths per minute |
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Rabbit TPR
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38.5 - 40.0 C 130 - 325 bpm 30-60 breaths per minute |
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Pyrexia
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elevated temperature due to a fever.
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Hyperthermia
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increase in body temperature
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Hypothermia
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Decreased body temperature
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Diphasic
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fluctuating temperature
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Pulse
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Can be felt anywhere where an artery runs close to the surface of the body. A pulse can be felt in the femoral artery - inside of the thigh, Carpal - back of the paw between the carpal pad and the metacarpal pad, Dorsal metatarsal - medial aspect of the tarsus, Coccygeal - underside of the tail near the base, Lingual - underside of the tongue, should only be used for anaesthetised patients.
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Tachycardia
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increase in pulse and heart rate
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Bradycardia
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decrease in pulse and heart rate
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Hyperadynamic
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A strong and jerky pulse
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Tachypnoea
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Increase in respiratory rate
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Bradypnoea
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decrease in respiratory rate
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Dyspnoea
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difficulty breathing
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cheyne-strokes respiration
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occurs shortly before death and is characterised by alternating periods of deep rapid and shallow breathing.
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Apnoea
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Not breathing at all.
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Mucous membrane colour
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Pale - may indicate haemorrhage, shock, anaemia or circulatory collapse. Cyanotic (blue/purple membranes) - severe hypoxaemia Icteric/jaundice (yellow membranes) - may indicate liver disease Congested (red membranes) - sepsis, fever, congestion, severe tissue damage. Cherry red - carbon monoxide poisoning. Chocolate brown - paracetamol poisoning. Petechiae (red dots) - indicates clotting disorders or poisoning. |
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Hypoxaemia
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lack of oxygen in the blood
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Sepsis
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Infection of the circulatory system
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Neoplasia
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New, abnormal growth of tissue
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Capillary refill time
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under 2 seconds
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Gingivitis
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Inflammation of the gums
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Entropian
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inward turning lashes
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Ectropain
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outward turning lashes
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Capricous Appetite
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unpredictable appetite - either really hungry or not hungry at all
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Pica
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craving for unnatural foodstuffs could be a mineral deficiency and it is more common in dogs |
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Coprophagia
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eating faeces
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Polyphagia
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increased appetite
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Dysphagia
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difficulty in swallowing
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Polyuria
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increased urine production
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polydipsia
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increased thirst
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Dysuria
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painful of difficulty urinating
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Haematuria
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Blood in the urine
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Anuria
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inability to pass urine
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Oliguria
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Reduced urine production - small amounts
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Projectile vomit
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forceful vomiting of stomach contents usually without retching
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Regurgitation
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Backflow of food from the oesophagus
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Stercoraceous
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vomit containing faeces
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Haematemesis
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Vomit containing blood
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Bilious
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vomit containing bile
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Cyclic
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recurring acts of vomiting
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Retching
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ineffectual attempts to vomit
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Pro-oestrus
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blood red vaginal discharge
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Oestrus
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Straw coloured vaginal discharge
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Imminent parturition
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dark green/ brown vaginal discharge
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Metritis
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brown/ black vaginal discharge
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Abortion
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Foul smelling black vaginal discharge
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Pyometra
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purulent discharge, often green or pale coffee coloured infection of the uterus - the uterus fills with puss. |
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What is an infection?
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disease caused by microorganisms or pathogens. It establishes and grows in the body tissues. The pathogens have the ability to transmit between individuals and spread disease.
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How is disease transmitted?
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Direct contact - microbes passed from one animal directly to another by their body surfaces meeting. Indirect Contact Droplets - respiratory viruses + bacteria are sneezed out in water droplets, land on nearly animals or on clothing. Airborne - microbes spread via the air. transported via ventilation systems or outdoors over large areas. Vector - disease causing microbes can be ingested by parasites, parasites like fleas then spread the microbes from animal to animal. |
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Indirect contact
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microbe pass onto an inanimate object, such as bedding or food bowls, fomites are microorganisms that can be left behind in they aren't washed properly. Fomites pass onto the next animal that uses it
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Disinfection
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reduces the number of microbes present Removal or destruction of pathogenic microorganisms from inanimate objects controls the spread of disease achieved by physical and chemical reactions. blood and faeces need to be removed before use. A disinfectant will only work in direct contact of the microorganism. |
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Sterilisation
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to remove all microbes including bacterial spores
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Antiseptic
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A disinfectant which is safe to use on skin
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Asepsis
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Achieving a sterile state
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....cide
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kills microbes
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.....stat
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stops multiplication of microbes
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Contagion
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a disease causing organism capable of spreading from on animal to another.
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Colonisation
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multiplication of bacteria on a body surface prior to entry into the tissues
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Infection
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invasion and multiplication of organisms within the body tissues
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Contamination
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introduction of organisms to an area of the body (body tissues or equipment)
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Cross - infection
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the transfer of infection from one animal to another, or between people and animals
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Cross - contamination
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the transfer of microbes from one animal to another, or between people and animals.
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Zoonosis
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A disease causing organism that can transfer from animals to people
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Nosocomial infection
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infection acquired by patients whilst in the surgery (MRSA)
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Detergents
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break up and remove dirt by a physical action e.g. faeces, mucous secretions, dried urine, blood
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Domestic Waste
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Black bag - unsoiled newspapers and magazines - Drink cans - Landfill or recycling |
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Offensive waste
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Yellow bag with a black stripe (tiger bag) - clinical items - swabs, masks, gloves - Animal bedding - Landfill |
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Yellow hazardous waste
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Yellow bag "hazardous waste" - clinical items - swabs, masks , gloves - Animal bedding - Blood, body parts and cadavers - not for sharps or anything contaminated with medicines - incineration only |
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Orange hazardous waste
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Orange bag "infectious waste" -Blood soaked swabs, bedding from infectious animals, gloves - Not for sharps or syringes contaminated with medicines - Syringes used for blood samples - Isolation patients - Treated or incineration only - cheaper disposal |
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Pharmaceuticals
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Yellow rigid bin - Controlled drugs - Prescription only medicines - Out of date drugs - Contaminated bottles, syringe bodies - Place in leak proof container - Avoid mixing - incineration only |
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Contaminated sharps
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Yellow topped bin - sharps contaminated with blood or pharmaceuticals - incineration only Orange topped bin - Non-pharmaceutically contaminated sharps, i.e. sharps used for blood samples - Treated or Incineration |
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Cytotoxic and Cytostatic pharmaceuticals
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Purple topped bin - Glass bottles and vials - Clinical items - Swabs, Masks, and Gloves - Syringes and sharps - Animal bedding - Incineration only |
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Photographic chemicals
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Rigid white containers - Waste fix and developer solutions - segregate into separate fixer and developer containers. |
