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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Theory |
A general explanation or set of ideas about the relation between variables in the world around us. |
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Hypothesis |
A specific testable prediction about what will happen if a theory is correct and you can often state hypotheses in and if then a statement. |
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Theory of Attraction |
Example: Asserts that interpersonal attraction is driven at least in part by perceived similarity between people. |
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Leads to a Hypothesis (Attraction) |
If you love sports then you'll be more attracted to people who love sports than to people who don't. Once we have a hypothesis, we can test that. |
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Scientific method |
Coming up with theories and ideas, creating a hypothesis, and testing it. |
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Scientific method |
Psychology uses the _________ ________ to answer questions about our thoughts, feelings, and behavior in contrast to using common sense to build conclusions. |
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Experiment |
Researchers test a hypothesis by manipulating one or more variables and measuring the effect. Well-done experimentalized to examine cause and effect. |
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Non-experiment |
A researcher only observes and gathers information without manipulation or intervention.these observational approaches are a very informative but they do not allow for tests of cause and effect relationships. |
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Case studies |
Systematic analysis of the experiences of a single person or group that serve to generate or explore ideas. |
Brain injury or cults |
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Archival research |
Uses existing records or databases to explore relationships among variables and test hypotheses. |
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Surveys |
A series of questions answered by a sample of respondents. they can provide more enormous amounts of information in different areas including social and political issues health and wellness consumer reports and more and in small and large groups. |
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Experiments |
What allows for tests of cause and effect? |
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Correlations |
__________ provide information about the relationship between variables but they do not indicate casualty. |
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Correlation coefficient |
Calculation of a correlation results in a statistic called a ___________ _____________ (r). It ranges from -1 to +1. The size of (r) indicates the strength of the relationship. Positive or negative indicates the direction of the relationship. |
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Causation |
Correlation does not me ____________! It does not mean there is a relationship. |
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Correlation, temporal sequence, and elimination of confounds |
To know that A causes B we must first establish 3 things |
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Elimination of confounds |
Rule out alternative causes |
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Temporal sequence |
A must proceed B in time |
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John Stewart Mill |
British philosopher ______ ________ ______ was the first to propose these conditions for establishing causality. |
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External validity |
The degree to which the findings of an experiment can be accurately generalized to the world. |
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Internal validity |
The degree to which an experiment accurately demonstrates that one variable (IV) causes changes in another variable (DV) |
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In assessing external validity we must consider: |
Different populations (age, gender, personality) or different situations (school, work, time periods) |
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Research |
In the end, _________ is what makes a difference between facts and opinions |
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Reliability |
Refers to the ability to consistently produce a given results |
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Internal consistency |
The degree to which different items on a survey that measure the same thing correlate with one another |
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Test-retest reliability |
The degree to which the outcomes of a particular measure remain consistent over multiple administrations |
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Interrater reliability |
The degree to which two or more different observers agree on what has been observed |
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Validity |
Refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it's supposed to measure |
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Ecological validity |
The degree to which research results generalized to real-world applications |
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Construct validity |
The degree to which a given variable actually captures or measures what it is intended to measure |
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Face validity |
The degree to which a given variable seems valid on the surface |
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Non-experiment |
A researcher only observes and gathers information without manipulation or intervention. These observational approaches are informative but they do not allow for tests of cause and effect relationships. |
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