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74 Cards in this Set
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A severe disorder involving mutism, sensory spin-outs, sensory blocking, tantrums, unresponsiveness to others, and other difficulties
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Autism
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a disorder in which individuals with neurological developmental delays in socialization and communication (3) possess "astonishing islands of brilliance that stand in stark, markedly incongruous contrast to the over-all handicap" aka genius abilities "rain man"
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Savant
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An overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
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Intelligence
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An index of intelligence defined as a person's mental age divided by his or her chronological age and multiplied by 100.
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IQ (intelligence quotient)
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An IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group; that is, how far above or below average the person's score was relative to other scores.
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Deviation IQ
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Environmental factors play a role in determining IQ. Proper childhood nutrition appears critical for cognitive development; malnutrition can lower IQ.
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IQ and environment
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A test of intelligence designed to be given to a single individual by a trained specialist.
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Individual intelligence test
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Any intelligence test that can be administered to a group of people with minimal supervision. ex: final exam
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Group intelligence test
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A bell-shaped curve characterized by a large number of scores in a middle area, tapering to very few extremely high and low scores.
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Normal curve
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A book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray that linked intelligence to race
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Bell curve
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The presence of a developmental disability, a formal IQ score below 70, or a significant impairment of adaptive behavior.
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Mental retardation
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The causes of mental retardation can be Genetic conditions, Problems during pregnancy, Problems at birth, Problems after birth, Poverty and cultural deprivation
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causes of mental retardation
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Either the possession of a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes.
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Gifted Children (giftedness)
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Howard Gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability.
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Multiple intelligence
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Any artificial system (often a computer program) that is capable of human-like problem solving or intelligent responding.
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Artificial intelligence
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An ability to speak two languages.
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Bilingualism
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An airborne chemical signal (ex:from a bee to another bee to mate)
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Phonemes
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The smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words. (Ex: dog , one syllable with out the "S")
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Morphemes
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Is any behavior on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal
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Animal communication
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A learned set of rules that always leads to the correct solution of a problems (ex: Algebra)
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Algorithm
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Any strategy or technique that aids problem solving , especially by limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried. (Ex: factoring in math)
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heuristics
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A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious
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Insight
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(cognition) In problem solving, a tendency to repeat wrong solution or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives
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Fixation
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A rigidity in problem solving caused by an inability to see new uses for a familiar objects
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functional fixedness
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Even if you are a practiced problem-solver, holding your emotions in check so that you can think clearly may be difficult at times
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common barrier to problem solving
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thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects
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inductive thinking
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Thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a single falling object
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deductive thinking
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In tests of creativity, fluency refers to the total number of solutions produced
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Fluency
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In tests of creativity, flexibility is indicated by the number of different types of solutions produced
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flexibility
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In tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or unusual solutions are
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originality
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Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought
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Divergent thought
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thinking directed toward discovery of a single established correct answer; conventional thinking
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convergent thinking
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quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of formal logic or clear reasoning
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Intuition
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A tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories
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Representativeness heuristic
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The basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event
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Base rate
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In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured
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Framing
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The hereditary physical core of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability
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Temperament
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A person's unique and relatively stable behavior patterns
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Personality
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Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person's desirable or undesirable qualities
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Character
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A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self centered person
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Introvert
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A person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person
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Extrovert
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The influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits
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trait situations interaction
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The study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies
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behavioral genetics
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any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
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Psycho dynamic theory
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The executive part of personality that directs rational behavior
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Ego
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A judge or censor for thoughts and action
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Superego
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the primitive part of personality that remains unconscious, supplies energy, and demands pleasure
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Id
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The period when infants are preoccupied with the mouth as a source of please and means of expression
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Oral stage
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The psychosexual stage (roughtly ages 3 to 6) when a child is preoccupied with the genitals
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Phallic stage
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According to Freud, a period in childhood when psycho sexual development is more or less interrupted
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Latency
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The death instinct pstulated by Freud
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Thanatos
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In Freudian theory, the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality
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Libido
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Region of the mind that includes all mental contents a person is aware of at any given moment
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Conscious
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An area of the mind containing information that can be voluntarily brought to awareness
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Preconscious
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The region of the mind that is beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person
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Unconscious
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External conditions that strongly influence behavior
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Situational determinants
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the presence of both "masculine" and "feminine" traits in a single person (as masculinity and femininity are defined within one's culture
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Androgyny
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Self concepts regardless of environment
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Humanistic theory
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The process of fully developing one's personal potentials
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Self actualization
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Hierachy of need
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Maslow
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Carl Rogers stated that the personality is like a triangle made up of the real self, the perceived self, and ideal self. According to Rogers, when there is a good fit between all three components, the person has congruence. This is a healthy state of being and helps people continue to progress toward self-actualization
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congruency
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thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person
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positive self regard
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an unqualified. unshakable acceptance of another person
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unconditional positive regard
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a test to see someone's personality traits
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personality assessment
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Sometimes referred to as a patterned interview, the structured interview is very straightforward. The interviewer has a standard set of questions that are asked of all candidates. This makes it easier for the interviewer to evaluate and compare candidates fairly. The main purpose of a structured interview is to pinpoint job skills that are essential to the position.
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structured interviews
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are a method of interviews where questions can be changed or adapted to meet the respondent's intelligence, understanding or belief. Unlike a structured interview they do not offer a limited, pre-set range of answers for a respondent to choose, but instead advocate listening to how each individual person responds to the question.
The method to gather information using this technique is fairly limited, for example most surveys that are carried out via telephone or even in person tend to follow a structured method. Outside of sociology the use of such interviews is very limited. |
unstructured interview
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The tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable impression to unrelated details of personality
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Halo effect
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one of the best known and most widely used objective personality questionnaires
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MMPI-2 (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory 2)
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A projective test consisting of 20 different scenes of life situations about which respondents make up stories
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TAT (Thematic Apperception test)
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is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex scientifically derived algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect an underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.[3] The test takes its name from that of its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach.
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Rorschach Inkblot test
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scales that tell whether test scores should be invalidated for lying, inconsistency, or "faking good"
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Validity scales
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The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person
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Reliability
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a gentle, quiet , shy person who exploded into a violent person
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sudden murderers
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a tendency to avoid others plus uneasiness and strain when socializing
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shyness
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