Intro To Animal Diversity

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Invertebrate

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an animal without a backbone – make up 95% of animal species

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Suspension feeder

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filter particles suspended in water or air

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Deposit feeder

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eat through a substrate

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Fluid feeder

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suck or mop up liquids

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Mass feeder

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take chunks of food into their mouths

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Herbivore

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eat plants or algae

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Carnivore

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eat other animals

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Detrivore

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feed on dead organic matter

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Omnivore

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eat both plants and animals

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Predator

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kill other organisms for food

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Parasite

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harvest nutrients from a host without causing death

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Endoparasite

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lives within its host

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Ectoparasite

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lives outside its host

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Choanoflagellate

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flagellated cells that can form coordinated colonies – may have been the immediate ancestors of animals – contain cadherin-like proteins necessary for cell-cell adhesion

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Cephalization

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regards the concentration of sensory organs & a brain into a distinct head region

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Segmentation

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repeated, similar body parts

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Tissue

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groups of similar cells integrated to perform a specialized function

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Organ

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two or more different tissues integrated to perform a specialized function

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Organ system

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several organs working together

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Blastula

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a hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals

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Blastocoel

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– the fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of a blastula

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Gastrula

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an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm

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Archenteron

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the endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal

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Germ layer

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one of the main layers in a gastrula that will form the various tissues & organs of an animal body

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Diploblastic

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animals that only give rise to 2 germ layers

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Endoderm

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the innermost germ layer in animal embryos – lines the archenteron & gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, & the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures

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Ectoderm

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the outermost germ layer in animal embryos – gives rise to the outer covering &, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, & lens of the eye

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Triploblastic

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animals with a third mesoderm layer

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Mesoderm

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– the middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo – develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, & most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures

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Direct development

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young closely resemble adults

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Metamorphosis

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involves a change in juvenile to adult body forms

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Asymmetry

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lack of any body symmetry

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Radial symmetry

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any plane through a central axis divides the animal into 2 equal halves

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Bilateral symmetry

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animals can be divided into mirror-image halves only via a single plane through the central axis - have a dorsal & ventral side as well

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Dorsal

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upper side of bilaterally symmetric animals

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Ventral

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lower side of bilaterally symmetric animals

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Anterior

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– “head” end – where sensory organs, nerve clusters, and organs for ingesting food are located

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Posterior

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“tail” end

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Coelom

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– a fluid-filled body cavity in between the gut and the body wall

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Acoelomate

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– the simplest animals with no cavity between their gut and their outer body walls

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Pseudocoelom

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a cavity that is not entirely surrounded by a mesoderm-lining

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Hydrostatic skeleton

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a skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment - the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, & annelids

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Protostome development

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“first mouth” - the coelom forms within the space between the body wall and the digestive cavity

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Spiral cleavage

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a type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo – cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers

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Determinate cleavage

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– a type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

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Deuterostome development

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– “second mouth” - the coelom forms as an outgrowth of the digestive cavity

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Radial cleavage

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a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo – aligning tiers of cells one above the other

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Indeterminate cleavage

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– a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

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Blastopore

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(invagination point) in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes & the mouth in protostomes

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Lophotrochozoan

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– flatworms, molluscs, & annelids – grow by extending the size of their skeleton

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Ecdysozoan

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– nematodes & arthropods – must shed their external coverings to grow

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Trochophore larvae

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ciliated larvae

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Lophophore

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– feeding structures which act like ciliated tentacles

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Ecdysis

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the molting process of ecdysozoans

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Incomplete digestion

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– food enters and waste exits through a single opening in digestive system

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Complete digestion

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one-way digestive system – food can be broken down and processed in stages as it passes through specialized regions

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Porifera

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– the sponges – the simplest multicellular animals – resemble colonies of independent cells all are aquatic & most are marine - hermaphrodites

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Parazoan

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poriferans – lack true organs or tissues with the exception of epithelium

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Ostium

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tiny pores through which water enters the interior cavity of sponges

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Osculum

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larger openings at the top of sponge bodies through which water is expelled

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Pinacocyte

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sponge cells that are flattened and cover the outer body surface

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Choanocyte

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“collar cells” - sponge cells that have flagellum which pulsate to maintain the water flow through the canals and out the osculum – collar on the cell acts as a fine sieve to filter out microorganisms

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Amoebocyte

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sponge cells that move freely between pinacocytes and collar cells – digest & distribute nutrients – also produce reproductive cells & can differentiate into the other cell types – may secrete spicules that add to the skeletal structure

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Porocyte

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sponge cells that curl end-to-end to for the ostia pores

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Spongin

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a proteinaceous material embedding major sponge cells that acts as their skeleton

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Mesohyl

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gelatinous material that embeds the major cell types of sponges

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Spicule

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sliver-like structures secreted by amoebocytes that add to the skeletal structure – can be composed of chalk, glass, or protein

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Budding

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asexual reproduction in poriferans – the adult produces miniature versions, which simply drop off

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Gemmule

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asexual protective “resting bodies” formed by some sponges in unfavorable conditions – a few amoebocytes coated by a protective layer of spicules

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Cnidaria

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– jellyfish, coral, hydra, and anemones – have specialized tissues – no true organs or a brain - diploblastic

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Eumetazoan

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animals the clearly specialized tissues - cnidarians

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Nerve net

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nerve cells organized into a tissue

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Polyp

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– cnidarian body plan that tends to be sessile and anchored to rocks – tubular with tentacle extensions reaching upward

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Medusa

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cnidarian body plan that is umbrella shaped, with tentacles extending downward – often mobile due to ocean currents

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Tentacle

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extensions from cnidarian bodies

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Mesoglea

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jelly-like substance in between the two body layers of cnidarians

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Cnidocytes

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specialized cells in tentacles that can inject poison or sticky darts into prey if triggered

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Nematocyst

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darts that have stinging threads

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Hydrozoa

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cnidarian class – the more primitive polyps – Hydra, Physalia, & Obelia

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Scyphozoa

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cnidarian class – mostly medusa forms – jellyfish Aurelia

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Cubozoa

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cnidarian class – have a box shaped medusa stage – more complex eyes – many are tropical with highly toxic venom

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Anthozoa

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cnidarian class – the more advanced polyps – sea anemones & coral

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Gastrovascular cavity

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a central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians & flatworms, that functions in both the digestion & distribution of nutrients