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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cardiac and skeletal muscle contains visible bands that are called what?
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Striations
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The muscular layer of the intestine is composed of what kind of muscle?
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Visceral/Smooth
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The ability of a muscle to transmit electrical current is termed what?
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Excitability
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The ability of a muscle to shorten is termed what?
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Contractability
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Binding sited on the actin molecules are covered by what when at rest?
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Troponin and Tropomyosin
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The larger of the two filaments that form a cross bridge that is made of protien is called what?
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Myosin
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The neurotransmitter that is released at the NMJ-neuromuscular junciton is called what?
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Acetylcholine
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The compound that causes the myosin head to detach from actin is called what?
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ATP - Adenosene Triphosphate
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What state are muscles that are operating anaerobically said to be in?
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In a state of Oxygen debt
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What is the polysacharride in muscles, that contains multiple glucose molecules called?
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Glycogen
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The energy storing compound that is similar to ATP is called what?
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Creatine
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The increase in muscle size that results from resistance training is termed what?
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Hypertrophy
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A contraction that shortens the muscle but does not increase the muscle tension is called what?
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Isotonic
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A muscle contraction that increases in tension is called what?
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Isometric
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A mucsle that produces a given movement is called what?
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A prime mover
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The muscle that opposes a given action is called what?
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The antagonist
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The more moveable attachment point of a muscle is called what?
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The insertion
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The pivot point of a lever system is called what?
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The fulcrum
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A term referring to a muscle that decreases the angle at a joint is called what?
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A flexer
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An adjactive that describes muscle fibers running in a straight line is called what?
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Rectus
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The prime mover in plantar flexionis what?
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Gastronemius
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The innermost muscle of the abdomen is called what?
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Transverse Abdominis
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What does the triceps brachii do?
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Extends the arm at the elbow.
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What is the cheek muscle that is used in whistling called?
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The buccinator
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The muscles located between the ribs are called what?
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Intercostal Muscles
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Specialized membranes that permit electric impulses to pass between cardiac cells is called what?
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Intercalated Discs
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A bundle of muscloe fibers is called what?
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A fasicle
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The membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers is called what?
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The Endomysium
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A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates comprise what?
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A motor unit
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What are the two filaments that form cross-bridges are called what?
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Actin and Myosin
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What event occurs during muscle relaxation?
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Calcium is pumped into the endoplasmic reticulum
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What ion binds the topnin/tropomyosin complex?
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Calcium
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The compound that binds myosin and provides the energy for power stroke is called what?
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ATP
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What substance is produced during oxygen debt?
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Lactic acid
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Which compound stores oxygen in muscle cells?
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Myoglobin
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What happens to to your blood vessels when you exercise?
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The blood vessels dialate
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The partial contraction observed in resting muscle is called what?
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Muscle Tone
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Pushing the feet against the floor is an example of what?
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An isometric contraction
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A muscle that steadies body parts during a movement is called what?
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A Synergist
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In an anatomic lever system the fulcrum is what?
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The joint
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A term referring to a ring shaped muscle is what?
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The obicularis
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-ceps refers to what when naming muscle parts?
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Attachment points
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What is the muscle that moves the head called?
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The Sternocleidomastoid
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Where is the levator ani found?
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In the perineum
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A muscle located at the angle of the jaw and is used for chewing is what?
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The masseter
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What muscle closes the lips?
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The obicularis oris
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What is the antagonist to the adductor group of the thigh?
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The gluteus medius
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What is an antagonist to the gastrocnemius?
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The tibialis anterior
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What do the hamstring muscles do?
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Flex the leg
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Inflammation of connective tissues is called what?
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Fibrositis
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What is a spasm of visceral muscle called?
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Colic
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The word part brachi/o refers to what?
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Arm
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What are 3 types of muscle tissue and its location and function
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1. Cardiac, heart's muscle, pumps blood throughout the body 2. Smooth, Intestines and organs 3. Skeletal, supports the framework of the body
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What is the definition of brachialgia
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Arm pain
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What system do the brain and the spinal cord belong to?
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The central nervous system
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What is the somatic nervous system also called?
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The voluntary nervous system
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What is the sceintific name for a nerve cell?
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Neuron
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The fiber that carries theimpulses toward the cell body is what?
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A dendrite
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Nerves that are both sensory ad motor fibers are described as what?
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Mixed
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A group of nerve fibers located within the CNS is called what?
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A tract
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What cells are examples of Astrocytes and Schwann cells?
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Neuroglia/Glial cells
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A sudden electrical change in the neuronal membrane that is transmitted along an axon is called what?
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The acton potential
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During the depolarising phase of the acton potentia, ions of what element enter the neuron through channels?
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Sodium
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Nerve impulse conduction is faster in axons coated in what?
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Myelin
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A point of junction between two nerve cells is called what?
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A synapse
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What are the chemicals that transmit a signal across a synapse called?
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Neurotransmitters
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What is the chemical that transmits the signal across the neuromuscular junction called?
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Acetylcholine
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The dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord contain what?
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Gray matter
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Myelinated nervous tissue is what type of matter?
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White
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Whare do the sensory impulses enter the spinal cord?
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Through the dorsal horn
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Describe a reflex arc/simple reflex.
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A rapid automatic response that involves few neurons
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Where does a neuron leaving the spinal cord carrying information away from the CNS exit from?
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The ventral horn
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What is a reflex that does not pass through the brain?
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A spinal reflex
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
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8
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Which plexus supplies the nerves to the pelvis and legs?
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The lumbosacral plexus
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Based on the neurotransmitters, the sympathetic nervous system can be classified as what?
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Adrenerggic
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What are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic system called?
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Terminal Ganglia
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An increase in heart rate would be mediated by which branch of the ANS?
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The sympathetic branch
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What is the viral disease that infects the motor neurons that can lead to paralysis is what?
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Poliomeylitis
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What is paralysis of both arms called?
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Diplegia
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A viral infection that can cause numbness and paralysis, and cal lead to the loss of control of involuntary functions, and bladder control is what?
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Gaillain-Barre Syndrome; A disease of the spinal nerves
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What does the word part -lemma mean?
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Sheath
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What is the division of nerves that exclusively controls skeletal muscles?
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The somatic nervous system
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Which part of the nervous system contains ALL of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves?
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The peripheral nervous system
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What is a fiber that conducts nerve impulses away from a cell body called?
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An axon
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What are neurons that conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain called?
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Afferent neurons
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What type of nerve only contains efferent fibers?
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Motor nerves
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What is the membrane that surronds an entire nerve called?
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An epineurium
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A collection of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE the central nervous system is called what?
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A ganglion
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Before the start of an action potential, what state is the neuron membrane in?
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At rest
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Why do the potassium channels open late in the action potential?
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To cause the membrane to repolarize
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What is the outtermost part of the myelin sheath called?
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The neurilemma
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Where does the transmission usually occur at a synapse?
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From the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cell
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What are the specific proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that the neurotransmitters bind to called?
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Receptors
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What is contained within the central canal of the spinal cord?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What is the deep groove that divides the left and right portions of the ventral white matter called?
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The anterior median fissure
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How do the motor impulses travel through the spinal cord?
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In descending tracts
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Name the correct order of impulse conduction through a reflex arc?
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Receptor, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Motor neuron, Effector
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Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found?
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In the dorsal root ganglion
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What muscles does the brachial plexus supply motor impulses to?
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The shoulder muscles
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Where does the phrenic nerve arise from?
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The cervical plexus
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Sciatica reflects neuritis in a nerve from where?
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The lumbosacral plexus
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Sympathetic motor neurons originate from cell bodies in what region of the spinal cord?
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The thoracic and lumbar regions
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What are the parasympathetic ganglia called?
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Terminal ganglia
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Abnormal antibodies that attack the meylin sheath around the neurons in the CNS is most likely what?
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Multiple Sclerosis
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A person who can not move their arms or legsis termed as what?
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Tetraplegia
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What are the three ways that neurotransmitters are removed from a synaptic cleft?
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Diffusion, Destroyed by enzymes, Recycled
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The midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblangata are all part of what?
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The brain stem
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Where are th hypothalamus and the thalamus located?
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In the diecephalon
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The three layers of connective tissue enclosing the brain and the spinal cord are called what?
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The meninges
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What is the outter-most layer of the meninges called?
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Duramatter
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What is the fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord called?
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CSF
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What is the passage connecting the third and fourth ventricles called?
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The cerebral aquaduct
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What is a shallow groove on the surface of the brain called?
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A sulci
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What is an elevation on the surface of the brain called?
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A gyri
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What is the outer layer of the cerebrum, that contains cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons called?
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The cerebral cortex
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Impulses from the ear travel to which lobe?
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The temporal lobe
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What lobe is the primary sensory area found?
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The parietal lobe
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What is the area of the temporal lobe that interprets sound called?
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The auditory association area
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The ability to speak a language with difficulty understanding it, suggets damage to what area?
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The wernickle area
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What area do sensory impulses travel through in the diencephalon?
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The thallamus
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What is the sea horse shaped area of the brain that is involved in learning and long termed memory?
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The hippocampus
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What is the concentration of nuclei that regulates sleep, appetite, the ANS and other homeostatic functions?
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The hypothalamus
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What is the most superior portion of the brain stem called?
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The mid brain
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Where are the vasomotor and cardiac centers are located?
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The medulla oblangata
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Where do the cranial nerves V through VIII originate from?
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The pons in the brain stem
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Which portion of the brain contains the vermis and two lateral hemispheres?
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The cerebellum
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What is the responsability of the cerebellum?
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The maintenance of muscle tone and the coordination of signals from the motor cortex
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What machine measures electric currents generated by neurons?
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An EEG
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How is the metabolic activity of the brain measured?
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By a P.E.T
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Which nervers contain only sensory fibers?
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1,2,8
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Which cranial nerve controls the production of gastric juices and the activity of the heart?
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10
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What is inflammation of the brain called?
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Encephalitis
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The extraction of CSF is a procedure called what?
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A lumbar puncture
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A newborn that shows muscle tone loss, and the inability to consistently move it's feet from painful stimuli is most likely the cause of what?
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Cerebral palsy
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What is the word part that means tounge?
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gloss
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What system do the hippocampus and the recticular formation belong to?
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The limbic system
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What is the "little brain" that is located beneath the posterior part of the cerebrial hemisphere?
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The cerebellum
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What is the function of the dural sinuses?
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To drain blood from the brain
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What is the layer of the dura matter that closely follows the contours of the brain called?
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Pia Matter
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CSF flows from the latteral ventricles to the third ventricle how?
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By a foramina
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What is the vascular network that forms that CSF called?
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A choroid plexus
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A DEEP groove in the brain is called what?
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A fissure
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The central sulcus separates what?
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The frontal and parietal lobes
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Which lobe of the cerebrum lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum?
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The occiptal lobe
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Were is the visual area of the cortex?
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In the occiptal lobe
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A difficulty forming words would indicate an injury to what area?
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The broca area
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Where are impulses from the skin received?
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In the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe
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The thalamus forms the wall of which ventricle?
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The third
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How are the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland controlled?
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By the hypothalamus
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How are the midbrain and the medulla oblangata connected?
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By the pons
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What part of the brain stem contains the relay centers for the eye's and ear's reflexes?
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The midbrain
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The vital centers that regulate respiration and the heart are located where?
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In the medulla oblangata
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A slice of brain that contains an outer layer of gray matter and an inner layer of white matter in a tree like patter is from what part of the brain?
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The cerebellum
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Which cranial nerves contain all or mostly motor fibers?
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3,4,6,11,12
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Which cranial nerve supplies motor impulses to the tounge?
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The hypoglossal nerve
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Multi infarct dementia results from what?
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A series of small cerebrovascular accidents
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Bleeding into the space between the dura matter and the skull results in what?
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An epidural hematoma
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An excess of fluid in the eye is known as what?
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Glaucoma
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An injury to the cranial nerve VII would result in what?
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Hemiplegia to the face
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What is the meaning of the word part "gyr/o"
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Circle
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Glossoplegia means what?
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Paralasis of the tounge
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Which muscle regulates the size of the pupil?
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The iris
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What is the jelly like material that fills the eyebal called?
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The Vitreous body
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What is the transparent portion of the sclera that covers the anterior part of the eye called?
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The cornea
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The fluid that fills the space anterior to the lens is what?
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The aqueous humor
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The tunic of the eye that contains photoreceptors is what?
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The retina
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What is the membrane that covers the eyelid called?
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Conjunctiva
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What is the bending of light rays as they pass through the eye called?
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Refraction
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What cranial nerve carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain?
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Cranial nerve II, Optic nerve
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How are visual impulses transmitted?
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From the retina to the cortex of the occiptal lobe
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What is the ear ossicle that is in contact with the oval window?
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The stepes
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What are the three bones of the middle ear collectively called?
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Ossicles
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What is the external part of the ear called?
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Pinna
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The middle ear cavity and pharynx are connected by a channel called what?
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The eustacian tube
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The coiled portion of the inner ear, that contains the hearing organ of hearing (corti) is called what?
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Conchlea
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Receptors in muscles, tendons and joints that helps to judge the position of the body are called?
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Proprioceptors
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What are the naturally occuring painkillers that are released in the body called?
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Endorphins
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When a receptor gradually stops responding to a continual stimulus, the process is called what?
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Sensory adaptation
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Farsightednessthat develops with age is called what?
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Presbyopia
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An irregular curvature of the lens or cornea is a condition called what?
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Astigmatism
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An infection of the middle ear cavity is called what?
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Otitis Media
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What is a myringotomy?
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Cutting the tympanic membrane to relieve excess pressure
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What is the sceintific name for a "swimmers ear"
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Otitis Externa
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Opacity (cloudiness) of the eye is called what?
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A cataract
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The suffix "-opia" means what?
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Disorder of the eye/vision
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Which area of the tounge is particularly sensative to sweets?
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The tip
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What is the middle pigmented layer of the eye called?
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Choroid
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What is the blind spot of the eye called?
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The optic disc
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What is the point of sharpest vision called?
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Fovea Centralis
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Where are tears produced?
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In the lacrimal glands
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What are the receptors for vision called?
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Rods and Cones
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What is the pigment found in rods called?
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Rhodopsin
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What is the extrensic eye muscle that covers the bottom part of the eyeball called?
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The inferior oblique
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What is an example of an intrinsic eye muscle?
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The iris
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Which nerve governs most of the extrensic eye muscles?
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The oculomotor nerve
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The pain resulting from a poke in the eye would be transmitted along which cranial nerve?
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The opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
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What is the sceintific name for the ear drum?
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The tympanic membrane
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What is the ossicle of the ear that is connected with the tympanic membrabe called?
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The malleus
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What do the ceruminous glands secrete?
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Wax
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What is the receptor for hearing called?
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The organ of Corti
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What is the VIIIth cranial nerve named?
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The vestibulocochlear nerve
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Where are the receptors for static equilibrium located?
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In the vestibule
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Shaking the head in a "no" motion will be sensed by what?
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The cristae
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What are the receptors that detect the position of the head in relation to gravity called?
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The maculae
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What do the semicircular canals detect?
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Spinning movements
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The sensation of falling while standing still will activate receptors called waht?
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Maculae
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Holding you arm motionless in the airwill be detected by which receptors?
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Proprioceptors
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When your muscle contracts, which receptor will inform you of the amount of muscle tension?
|
Proprioceptors
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What are the receptors for pain called?
|
Free nerve endings
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What is a heridity disorder that prevents normal vibration of the stapes called?
|
Otosclerosis
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Night blindness is due to a deficiency of what?
|
Vitamin A
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Color blindness is due to a deficiency of what?
|
Cones
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How does the sensory system help to maintain homeostasis?
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Helps to detect changes in the environment and reacts to the changes; Sweating
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What are the four structures that support the eye and what do they do?
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Skull bones for protection, Eyelashes to keep foreign matter out, Eyelids help to keep the eyes lubricated, conjunctiva produces the mucus to lubricate the eye
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What are the four structures that refract light in the eye?
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Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lense, Vitreous body
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