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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the study of how Disease affects body function called?
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Pathophysiology
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The study of the cause of a disease is called what?
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Etiology
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What does incidence mean?
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A disease's range of occurance and its tendancy to affect certains individuals more than other groups
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Define Morbidity rate.
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The proportion of people with a specific disease in a given populations per unit of time
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Define Mortality rate.
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The percentage of the population that dies from a given disease within a period of time
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What is an "Acute" disease?
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A disease relatively severe but usually short in duration
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What is a "Chronic" disease?
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A less severe disease but usually continuous or recurring for long periods
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What is an "Subacute" disease?
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Intermediate disease between Acute and Chronic, not as severe as acute nor as long lasting as chronic disorders
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What is a disease without a known cause defined as?
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Idiopathic
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What does an Iatrogenic disease result from?
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From the adverse effects of treatment
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What is an Epidemic defined as?
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When many people in a given region acquire a certain disease at the same time
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If a given disease is found to a lesser extent but continuously in a region, it's what?
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An Endemic
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What is a Pandemic?
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A disease that is prevalent throughout the entire country, continent, or the world
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Symptoms are the what?
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Conditions noted by the patient
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What is a sign?
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Evidence which can be seen
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What is a syndrome?
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A group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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What is a prognosis?
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A prediction of the outcome of a disease
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A course of treatment is known as whant?
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A therapy
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What is a predominant cause of disease in humans?
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The invasion of microorganisms
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A microorganism that causes illness is called what?
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Pathogenic
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Any disease causing organism is called what?
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A pathogen
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What is a local infection?
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One that is restricted to a relatively small area of the body
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What is a systemic (generalized) infection?
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One in which the whole body is affected
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What is an opportunistic infection?
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An infection that takes hold because the host is weakened.
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What is a vector?
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An insect or animal that transmits a disease causing organism from one host to another
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What is the study of microscopic organisms?
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Microbiology
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Describe a Bacteria.
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Single cell organism, no true nucleus, not enclosed in a membrane
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Describe a Virus.
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Composed of acid and protein, Obligate parasites
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Describe a Fungi.
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Simple non-green plant like organisms, Yeasts and molds
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The study of fungi is what?
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Mycology
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What is a protozoa?
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A single cell animal like organism
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Describe Algae.
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Multicellular aquatic plants
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What is a parasite?
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A microbe that lives on or within a living host, at the host's expense
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What is a Cocci?
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A round shaped bacteria
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What are diplocci?
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Pairs of Cocci bacteria,
Gonorrhea and Meningitis |
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What is a Streptococci?
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Chains of Cocci bacteria,
Pneumonia |
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What is a Staphylococci?
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Clusters of Cocci bacteria
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What are Bacilli?
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Rod shaped bacteria
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What is a Vibros?
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Comma shaped bacteria
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What is a Sprilla?
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Long and wave like organisms
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What is a spirochete?
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An organism capable of waving and twisting motions
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What causes Syphalis and Lyme disease?
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Spirochetes
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Diseases caused by Rickettsiae are caused by what?
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Insect bites
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What is a prion?
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An ifectious particle of protein
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What are the four divisions of protozoa?
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Amebas, Ciliates, Flagellates (Giardia), Sporozoa (malaria)
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What is a Helminth?
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Scientific name for a worm; A worm that is a parasite with a human host
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Define Normal Flora?
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A population of microorganisms that normally grows on and within our bodies
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What is a hookworm?
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A worm/parasite that lives in the small intestine
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How is Trichnosis acquired?
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By eating pork
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Why are infectious diseases increasing through out the world?
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Increased population, Disruption to animal habitats, Increased travel, Medical advances that keep people alive longer (opportunistic infections), The handling of food
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The process of killing every living microorganism on an object is known as what?
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Sterilization
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Sterilization by means of steam under pressure is what?
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An autoclave
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Any aseptic that can be used on living tissuesis what?
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Antisepsis
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What is an antibiotic?
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A substance produced by living cells that has the power to kill or arrest the growth of bacteria
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What is the most commonly used staining procedure that turns blusih-purple if bacteria are present?
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Gram stain
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What color does positive bacteria in an acid fast stain test turn?
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Red
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The word part "chir/o" refers to what?
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Hand
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What does Chlamydiae cause?
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Trachoma and Parrot fever
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What type of worm do biting insects and birds transmit?
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The filaria worm
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What causes E Coli and Salmonella?
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Food poisoning
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A drug that treats infestations is called what?
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An Anthelmintic agent
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The acid fast stain is commonly used for what?
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TB
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What does that word part "iatro" refer to?
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Physician
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Define mycoflora
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A population of fungi
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What is the difference between "Iatrogenic" and "Idiopathic" diseases?
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Iatrogenic diseases are from the adverse effects of a treatment, and Idiopathic diseases have no known cause
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What are three uses of beneficial microorganisms?
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Produce oxygen, Food for aquatic animals, decompose dead bodies
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What does Pyococci mean?
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py = pus
cocci = round bacteria means- a round bacteria that causes pus |
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The outter most part of the skin is called what?
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The epidermis
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What is called the "true skin" and what does it contain?
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The dermis, which contains the blood vessels, the nerve endings, and the glands
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What is the deepest layer of the skin called?
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The subcutaneous layer
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Which layer produces the new epidermal cells?
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The stratum basale
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What protien in large amounts protects the skin and makes the nails and hair?
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Keratin
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What is the dark pigment that colors the skin and protects it from harmful rays of sunlight called?
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Melanin
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The cells that produce melanin are called what?
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Melanocytes
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What is the purpose of Sebaceous glands?
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They secrete sebum, which lubricates the skin and hair, and prevents it from drying
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The eyelashes are associated with which glands?
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The Meibomian glands
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The sweat glands are known as what?
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Sudorferous glands
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What type of glands regulate body temperature?
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Eccrine glands
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Which sweat glands are located in the armpits and groin area?
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The Apocrine glands
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Which glands are located in the ear?
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The ceruminous glands
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Where are the ciliary glands located?
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At the edges of the eye
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What is the name of the muscle that causes "goose bumps"?
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Arrector Pili
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What are the four major functions of the skin?
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1. Protection against infection, 2. Protection against dehydration, 3. Regulation of body temperature, 4. Collection of sensory informaiton
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What is a touch receptor is called what?
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Meissner Corpuscle
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What is a deep pressure receptor called?
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Pacinian Corpuscle
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The main pigment of skin is called what?
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Melanin
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What produces melanin?
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Melanocytes
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Paleness of the skin caused by reduced blood flow is called what?
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Pallor
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Redness of the skin is called what?
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Flushing
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A bluish coloring of the skin is called what?
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Cyanosis
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A yellowish discolorization of the skin caused from bile in the blood is called what?
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Jaundice
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Any wound or local damage to tissue is called what?
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A lesion
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Lesions may be accompanied by Erythema. What is Erythema?
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Redness of the skin
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What is a Macule?
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A spot that is neither raised nor depressed. IE. Freckle
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What is a Papule?
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A firm raised area IE. pimple
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What is a Pustule?
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A vessicle filled with Pus
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What is a Vesicle?
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A blister or small sac that is filled with fluid
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What is an excoriation?
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A scratch into the skin
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What is a laceration?
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A rough jagged wound
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What is an ulcer?
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A sore caused by disintegration and death of tissue
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What is a fissure?
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A crack in the skin
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How is burn tissue destruction is categorized?
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1. Superficial partial-thickness, Epidermal burn 2. Deep partial-thickness, Epidermal and portions of Dermal 3. Full-thickness, Epidermal/Dermal/and Subcutaneous
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Using the rule of 9's, what is the number associated with one side of the head, arms, groin, legs, and chest area's?
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Head = 4.5%, Arms = 4.5%, Groin = 1%, Legs = 9%, Chest = 18%
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What is the Vernix Caseosa?
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The cream cheese like coating produced by fetal sebaceous glands
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What is the scientific term for the widening of the blood vessels?
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Dilation
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What is the scientific term for the narrowing of the blood vessels?
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Constriction
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What is the pigment found in blood called?
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Hemaglobin
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What term refers to any skin disorder?
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Dermatosis
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What is the most common type of acne called?
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Acne Vulgaris
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A malignant tumor of melanocytes is called what?
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Melanoma
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What is the scientific name for itching?
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Pruritis
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Atopic dermatosis is better known as what?
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Eczema
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What is a decubitus Ulcer better known as?
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A bedsore
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A disease that causes blister-like lesions, filled with pus containg virtulent bacteria is what?
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Impetigo
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Watery vesicles on the skin and mucous membranes is caused by what?
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Herpes simplex virus
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The overgrowth of epidermis that leads to silvery scales is what?
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Psoriasis
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The viral infection that produces lesions on the skin and is seen in children as chicken pox is what?
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Shingles
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A small tumor caused by a virus of the human papilloma virus is what?
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A wart or verruca
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What are three types of connective tissue found in the integumentary system and its location and function?
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1. Hard connective, produces new skin 2. Elastic connective, contains blood vessels and the nerves 3. Loose connective, Subcutaneous insulates the body
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What are two ways the skin maintains constant body temperature?
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The dermal sweat glands produce sweat and its blood vessels constrict
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What are the skins 3 sources for pigment?
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Melanin made by Melanocytes, Hemaglobin from red blood cells, Carotene from food
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What is the shaft of the long bone called?
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Diaphysis
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What is the membrane that lines the marrow cavity of a long bone called?
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Endosteum
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What type of bone makes up most of the arms and legs?
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The long bone
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What cavity of the bone contains the marrow?
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The Medullary cavity
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The irregular ends of the long bone are known as what?
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The distal and proximal epiphysis
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Bone tissue is also known as what?
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Osseous tissue
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The hard bone found in the shafts of long bone is called what?
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Compact bone
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What type of bone is made up of a meshwork of small bony plates filled with red marrow?
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Spongy/Cancellous Bone, found at the epiphyses of long bones and the center of other bones
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What kind of marrow do the ends of long bones contain?
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Red Marrow
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What is the Haversian canal?
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A channel on dense bone containing the nerves and vessels
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Yellow marrow, comprised largely of fat, is located where?
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In the central cavities on long bones
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What is the Periosteum?
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The membrane that covers the outside of bones
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The cells that produce bone tissue are called what?
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Osteoblasts
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What is the Endosteum?
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The membrane that lines the marrow cavity of a bone
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A fibrous protein that gives strength and resistance to tissue is what?
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Collagen
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The cells involved with bone resorbtion are called what?
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Osteoclasts
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Bone growth in children occurs where?
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In the Epiphyseal plates
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What is the head of a bone?
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A rounded, knoblike end
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What is the process of a bone?
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A large prjection of a bone IE. the upper part of the Ulna that creates the elbow
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What is the condyle of a bone?
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A rounded projection
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What is the crest of a bone?
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A distinct border or ridge IE. Ilia crest
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What is the spine of a bone?
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A sharp projection from the surface of a bone
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What is a Foramen?
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A hole that allows a vessel to pass through or between bones
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What is a Sinus?
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An air space in skul bones
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What is a Fossa?
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A depression on a bone surface
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What is a Meatus?
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A short channel or passageway
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The skeleton is divided into two main groups of bones, what are the two and what is contained in them?
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1. Axial, 80 bones The head and trunk; 2. Appendicular, 126 bones the limbs, shoulders and hips
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What bone forms the forehead?
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The frontal bone
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What bone forms the top and the side walls of the cranium?
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The Parietal bone
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What bone forms the sides and some of the base of the skull
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The temporal bones
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What bone is located between the eyes?
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The ethmoid bone
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What bone resembles wings?
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The sphenoid bone
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What saddle-like depression holds and protects the pituitary gland?
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The Sella turcica
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Which skull bone forms the posterior and part of the base and contains the foramen magnum?
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The occiptal bone
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What is the flat immoveable joint that unites the bones of the skull?
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A suture
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What suture joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones?
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The Coronal suture
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What suture joins the temporal bone with the parietal bone on the lateral surface of the cranium?
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The Squamous suture
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What suture joins the occiptal bone with the parietal bones in the posterior cranium?
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The Lambdoid suture
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What suture joins the two parietal bones along the superior midline of the cranium?
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The Sagittal suture
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How many bones are in the facial portion of the skull?
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Fourteen
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The lower jaw bone, also the only moveable bone of the skull is called what?
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The mandible
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The two bones that fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw ar what bones?
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The maxillae
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What is the bone called that forms the two cheeks?
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The zygomatic bones
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The two bones that lie inside the corner of each eye is called what?
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The lacrimal bones
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Which bone is shaped like a blade and forms the lower part of the nasal septum?
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The vomer
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The palatine bones form the back part of what?
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The hard palate
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What are the three tiny bones in the middle of each ear called?
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Ossicles
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The "U" shaped bone that connects the tounge and other muscles to the skull is called what?
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The hyoid bone
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The soft spots in the infant skull are called what?
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Fontanels
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Describe the five regions of the vertebral column?
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1. Cervical C1-C7, 2. Thoracic T1-T12, 3. Lumbar L1-L5, 4. Sacral 5. Coccyx
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Which curve develops when an infant holds his head upright?
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The cervical curve
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How many ribs are on each side of the human body?
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12
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What are the true ribs?
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The first seven ribs which connect directly to the sternum
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What are the false ribs?
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The remainin five pairs of ribs. The do not connect directly to the sternum and connect to the cartilage of the 7th rib
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What are the spaces between the ribs that contain the muscles, blood vessels and nerves called?
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Intercostal spaces
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The sceintific name for collar bone is what?
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Clavicle
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The sceintific name for shoulder blade is what?
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Scapula
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The bone that contains the manubrium and xiphoid process is called what?
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The sternum
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The section of the spinal column that forms part of the biny pelvis is called what?
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The sacrum
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What are the primary curves of the spine?
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The thoracic and sacral curves
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What re the secondary curves of the spine?
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The cervical and lumbar curves
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What is the process that joins the clavical to the scapula called?
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The acromion
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The shallow socket that forms a ball and socket joint with the humerous is called what?
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The glenoid cavity
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What does the coracoid process do?
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Attaches muscles
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The lateral bone of the lower leg is what?
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The Fibula
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What is the medial bone of the forearm called?
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The Ulna
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What is the sceintific name for the thigh bone called?
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The Femur
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What is the lateral bone of the forearm called?
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The Radius
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What is the proximal bone of the arm called?
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The Humerus
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The bones that make up the palm of the hand are what?
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The metacarpal bones
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The bones found at the tips of the fingers and the toes are waht?
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Phalange
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An exaggerated thoracic curve of the spine is what?
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Scoliosis
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A malignant tumor arising in the growing region of a bone is called what?
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Osteosarcoma
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Tuberculosis of the spine is called what?
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Potts disease
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The broken bone protrudes through the skin in what kind of fracture?
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Open fracture
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An exxagerated thoracic curvature of the spine is called what?
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Kyphosis
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The pubic symphasis is an example os a cartilaginous, slightly moveable joint known as what?
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Amphiarthrosis
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The bands of connective tissue that hold the bones together in a synovial joint are called what?
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Ligaments
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The small, fluid-filled sacs near some synovial joints are called what?
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Bursae
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Turning the palm down or backward is called what?
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Pronation
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Drawing a large arm circle in the air is an example of what movement?
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Circumduction
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An excess of uric acid can result in a painful joint disorder called what?
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Gout
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A degenerative disease that primarily occurs in weight baring joints is what?
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Osteoarthritis
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The word part "-penia" means what?
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Lack of
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How many phalanges are in each hand?
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14
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The part of the ulna that forms the elbow is called what
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The olecranon
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Where would you find a malleolus?
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On the Tibia and Fibula
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What is the socket that holds the head of the femur called?
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The acetabulum
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The greater trochanter is a large projection on what bone?
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The femur
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A malignant tumor arising in bone is called what?
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Osteosarcoma
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To avoid developing osteomyelitis, one should consume what supplement?
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Calcium
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A fracture where the broken ends of the bone are jammed into each other is known as what?
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Impacted fracture
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A fracture where the break does not go all the way through the bone is known as what?
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Greenstick fracture
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The loss of height in elderly people is the cause of what?
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The change in heeight between intervertebral discs
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A freely moveable joint is known as what?
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Diarthroses
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Wgat is the smoothe layer of connective tissue that protects the bone surfaces in a synovial joint called?
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Articular cartilage
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The turning of a bone on its own axis is called what?
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Rotation
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When you point your toes you are preforming what type of movement?
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Plantar flexion
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The word part "cost" refers to what?
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The ribs
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