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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a specailized group of cells?
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a Tissue
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Which system takes in oxygen and expels carbon?
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the Respitory System
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What system does the skin and it's associated structures belong to?
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the Integumentary System
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What system does the Spinal cord belong to?
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the Nervous System
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The term Metabolism refers to what?
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All of the catabolic and anabolic reactions that go on within the body.
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What is the energy storing compound foind in cells called?
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ATP
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What is the fluid within the cells called?
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IntraCellular fluid
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What are examples of Blood and the Lymph?
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ExtraCellular fluid
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A state of internal balance is better known as?
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Homeostasis
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Splitting the body at the middle of the ears is better know as what?
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Frontal/Coronal plane
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What is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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the Diaphragm
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What is metabolism defined as?
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The chemical reaction needed to sustain life
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Cutting the body in half at the belly button is which plane?
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Transverse/Horizontal plane
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The study of how the body functions is?
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Physiology
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The study of disease is?
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Pathology
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List the levels of organization from the most simple to the most complex.
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cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.
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Which system transports blood to and from the cells?
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Circulatory System
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Which system is comprised of bones and joints?
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Skeletal System
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Define Metabolism
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All the life-sustaining activites that go on within the body,
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Catabolism is best described as?
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The break down of complex substances into a more simple compound.
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Anabolism is best described as?
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The use of the catabolic substances (simple compounds) to manufacture materials needed for growth.
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Describe positive feedback?
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When a given action promotes more of the same action.
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Describe negative feedback?
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Kepps a given action is reversed for the purposes of maintaining a normal set range. IE Thermostat in a house.
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What term means "farther from the midline of the body"?
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Lateral
<~~l~~> |
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What term means "nearer to the midline of the body"?
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Medial
~~>l<~~ |
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Define Superior/Cranial?
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Above, or higher in position
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Define Inferior/Caudal?
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Below or Lower
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What term best describes, "Nearer to the origin of a structure"?
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Proximal
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What term best describes, "Farther from the origin of a structure"?
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Distal
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Ventral/Anterior mean what?
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Located toward the belly surface or front of the body.
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Dorsal/Posterior mean what?
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locations nearer to the back.
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If you were to make a cut through the body, splitting it into two from the nose to the belly button, which view would you get?
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Sagittal Plane
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What does the Dorsal cavity contain?
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Brain (cranial cavity) and Spinal cord (canal)
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What does the Ventral cavity contain?
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The Thoracic cavity, the Diaphragm, and the Abdomino-pelvic cavity (Abdominal and Pelvic cavities)
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What is contained in the Thoracic cavity?
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The heart, lungs, and the large blood vessles that join the heart.
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What is the Diaphragm?
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A muscle that separates the Thoracic cavity from the Abdominal cavity and is used for breathing.
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What is the Mediastinum?
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The space between the lungs, including the organs and vessels contained in that space.
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What is contained in the Abdominal cavity?
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The stomach, Most of the Intestine, The liver, The gallblader, The pancreas, and The spleen
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What is contained in the Pelvic cavity?
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The rectum, The urinary bladder, and the internal parts of the reproductinve system.
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What are the 9 regions of the Abdomen?
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Right Hypochondriac, Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right Lumbar, Left Lumbar, Umbillical, Right Iliac (inquinal), Left Iliac (inquinal), Hypogastric
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What is the atomic number based on?
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The number of Protons
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A negatively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom is what?
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Neutron
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A unit formed by the union of two or more atoms is what?
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A molecule
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A mixture which needs to be shakes or the components will separate is what kind?
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A suspension
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A substance that dissolves other substances is what?
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A solvent
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A charged atom or group of atoms is called what?
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An ion
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A covalent bond is formed by what?
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The sharing of electrons between elements
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What is a negatively charged ino called?
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Anion
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Compounds that release ions in a solution are called what?
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Electrolytes
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An acid is a substance that donates what to another substance?
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A hydrogen ion
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What is the pH of a solution based on?
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Its concentration of the element hydrogen
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A substance with the pH of 8.5% is said to be what?
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Basic or Alkaline
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Which element is the basis of organic chemistry?
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Carbon
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All proteins, not sugars, contain which element?
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Nitrogen
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A protein that catalyses reactions is called?
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An enzyme
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A sub-unit of an element is called what?
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An atom
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What element makes up the greates percentage by weight in the body?
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Oxygen
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What are the positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus called?
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Protons
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How do you get the atomic weight?
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Add the number of Protons to the number of Neutrons
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A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded is what?
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A mixture
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A substance compoed of two or more different elements participating in a chemical bond is what?
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A compound
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A substance that Dissolves in another substance is called what?
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A solute
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A non separating suspension can be described as what?
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Collodial
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A mixture in which the components remain evenly distributed is what?
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A solution
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What does a buffer do?
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Maintains a constant pH of a solution
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Lipids are what?
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Fats and Cholesterol
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Proteins are complex molecules composed of what?
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Amino acids
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All enzymes are what?
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Proteins
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What does a hydrophobic substance do?
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Repels water
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A substance ending with the suffix "ase" is most likely what?
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A protein
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List and describe two uses of radioisotopes.
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Radiation therapy: penetrates and destroys cancerous tissues
Diagnosis: X-Ray's |
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What are 3 characteristics of organic compounds?
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All contain carbon, Big molecules, found in living organisims
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Name three types of carbohydrates and an example of each.
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Monosaccharides, Glucose;
Disaccharides, Table sugar; Polysaccharides, Starch |
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The substance that fills the cell FROM the plasma membrane TO the nuclear membrance is called what?
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Cytoplasm
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What is a flagellum?
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A long whip like projection from the cell used in locomotion.
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Define Cilia.
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Small hair-like projections from the cell
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Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?
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Lysosomes
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The large organelleor "control center" of the cell is called what?
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Nucleus
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Name it's pair for DNA:
Adenine |
Thymine
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Name it's pair for DNA:
Guanine |
Cytosine
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Name it's pair for RNA:
Uracil |
Adenine
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The substance that makes up genes is what?
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DNA
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The process of DNA to RNA is known as what?
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Transcription
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The process from RNA to Proteins is known as what?
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Translation
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The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is what?
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Osmosis
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The process by which specialized cells engulf large particles is what?
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Phegocytosis
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The passage of a solution through a membrane under mechanical force is?
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Filtration
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The peeriod between one cell division and the next is?
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Interphase
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A solution with that has a concentration lower than the fluid within the cell is?
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Hypotonic
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What is the percentage of salt in normal saline solution?
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0.9%
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What would happen to a cell placed in a Hypotonic solution?
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It will swell/burst
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What is a mutation?
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A chaned n the genetic material of a cell
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Risk factor is defined as?
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A personal characteristic or lifestyle habit that increases one's chances of getting cancer
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What is the metric unit used for microscopic measurements?
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Micrometer
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What type of Microscope has the highest magnification?
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Transmission electron microscope
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What are the major lipids foind in the plasma membrane?
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Phospholipids and Cholesterol
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What do channel proteins in the plasma membrane do?
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Allow substances to enter or leave
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What do Transporter proteins in the plasma membrane do?
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Shuttle substances from one side to the other
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What are receptor proteins found in the plasma membrane?
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They are points of attachments for materials coming to tje cell in the blood or tissue fluid
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What are enzymes found in the plasma membrane?
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Participates in reactions of the membrane
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What are linker proteins in the plasma membrane?
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Give structure to the membrane and attach cells to other cells
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What are cell identity marker proteins found in the plasma membrane?
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Unique proteins to a persons cell
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What is the small body in the nucleus that make ribosomes?
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Nucleolus
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What is cytosol?
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The liquid part of the cytoplasm.
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What is cytoplasm?
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The material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane
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what is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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Network of membranes within the cytoplasm
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What does Rough ER do?
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Sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compunds
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What does Smooth ER do?
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Lipid synthesis
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What are ribosomes?
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Small bodies in the Cytoplasm that manufacture proteins
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What is the purpose of Mitochondria (Large Organelles with folded membranes)?
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Converts energy from nutrients into ATP.
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What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?
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Sorts, modify's and packages the proteins for export from the cell
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What do Lysosomes contain?
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Digestive Enzymes.
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What do Peroxisomes do?
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Enzymes that destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism
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What do Vesicles do?
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They are small bubbles used for storage
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The rod-shaped bodies in the nucleus, Centrioles, do what?
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Help separate the chromosomes during cell division
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What is a cilia?
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Hairlike projections that create movement of fluids around the cell
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What is a flagellum?
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A long whiplike extension from the cell
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What are the three units of a nucleotide?
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Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen
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What does the "m" in mRNA mean?
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Messenger
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What does the "r" in rRNA mean?
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Ribosomal
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What does the "t" in tRNA mean?
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Transfer
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DNA to RNA is known as what process?
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Transcription
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RNA to Protein is known as what process?
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Translation
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What is the order of the stages in Mitosis?
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What happens in prophase?
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Chromosome coils and the centrioles begin to separate
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What happens in Metaphase?
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The chromosome lines up
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What happens in Anaphase?
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The chromosomes separate and begin to move toward the opposite ends of the cell
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What happens in Telophase?
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Separated chromosomes become two new nuclei.
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What is diffusion?
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The movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
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What is Osmosis?
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The diffusion of water through a semi-permiable membrane
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What is Filtration?
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The passage of water containing dissolved materials through a membrane as a result of mechanical force
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What is Facilitated diffusion?
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Movement of materials from a Lower concentration to a Higher concentration using transporters to move the material at a faster rate
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Endocytosis is a term that describes movement of material INTO cells. What are two examples?
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Phagocytosis - Membrane engulfs a particle, Pinocytosis - Membrane engulfs a droplet of fluid (cell drinking)
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Movement of a material OUT of a cell is?
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Exocytosis
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What is an Isotonic solution?
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Has THE SAME concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell
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What is a Hypotonic solution?
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Has a LOWER concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell (cell takes in water, swells and may burst)
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What is an Hyperotonic solution?
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Has a HIGHER concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell (cell looses water and shrinks)
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What are the functions of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?
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Cell to cell attachment, and cell recognition
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What are two organelles involved in protein secretion and their contributions to the process?
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Golgi appartus, used for transportation and storage; ER, sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds
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List one similarity and one difference of Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion?
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Both move from higher to lower concentration gradient, but one uses internal energy and the other uses transporters
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Name the 6 types of membrane proteins and their functions?
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1. Channels: passage for substances, 2. Transporters: moves substances, 3. receptors: attachment of substances, 4. enzymes: reactions at the membrane, 5. Linkers: give structure to the membrane, 6. cell identity markers: Unique proteins
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What type of tissue is Osseous?
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Bone/Hard
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The study of tissues is known as what?
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Histology
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Name the four main groups of tissues?
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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What are the 9 types of Epithelial tissue?
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1.simple squamous, 2.simple cuboidal, 3.simple columnar, 4. stratified squamous, 5. stratified cuboidal, 6. stratified coulmnar, 7. Transitional epithelium, 8. Glandular epithelium, 9. Pseudo-stratified
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What are 4 types of Connective tissue?
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1. Liquid, 2. Soft-Connective, 3. Fiberous-Connective, 4. Hard-Connective
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What are the 3 types of Muscle tissue?
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1. Skeletal muscle tissue, 2. Smooth muscle tissue, 3. Cardiac muscle tissue
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A term that describes, "long, narrow" epithelial cells, is what?
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Columnar
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A term that describes, "flat, irregular" epithelial cells, is what?
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Squamous
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What is Mucus?
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A stickey protective fluid secrteted by some epithelial cells.
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What is Meylin?
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The fatty substance that insulates and protects some nerve cell fibers
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What type of connective tissue stores fat?
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Adipose
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What is collagen?
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A flexible white protein that makes up many fibers in connective tissue
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What layer of a serous membrane lines body cavities or sac?
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The parietal layer
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What layer of a serous membrane lines the Thoracic cavity and each lung?
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The Pleurae
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What layer of a serous membrane forms a sac that encloses the heart?
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The Serous Pericardium
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What layer of a serous membrane lines the walls of the abdominal cavities, covers organs, and forms protective structures within the abdomen?
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The Peritoneum
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Describe Skeletal muscle.
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Voluntary, moves the skeleton
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Describe Cardiac muscle.
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Forms the main parts of the heart
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Describe Smooth muscle.
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Involuntary muscle, forms the organs
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What type of connective tissue covers and protects the skeletal muscles?
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Deep Fascia
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What is a capsul?
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A layer of dense connective tissue around an organ
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What is a tendon?
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A cord of connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone
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A tumor that spreads to other tissues is called?
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Malignant
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What is a Lipoma?
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A benign tumor of adipose tissue
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What is a tumor/neoplasm?
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Any abnormal growth of cells
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What is the Meninges?
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Layers of membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
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What are synovial membranes?
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connective tissues that line joint cavities
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What does fascia refer to?
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Fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place
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What is Superficial fascia
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Tissue that underlies the skin and contains adipose tissue (fat) that insulates the body
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What is the medical process of classifying a tumor based on size and extent of invasion called?
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Staging
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What is Immunotherapy?
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A cancer treatment that uses substances to stimulate the immune system
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The use of X-Rays to produce cross-sectional pictures of the body parts is what?
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CT (Computed Tomography)
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Define Radiography
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The use of x-rays to obtain images of internal structures
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What does pseudo mean?
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False
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What are the support cells of the nervous system called?
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Neuroglia
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What are the fibers of the neuron called?
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Axons and dendrites
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What is atrophy?
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The wasting of a tissue due to a decrease in cell number
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Fibers that conduct a nerve impules TOWARD a neuron cell body are?
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Dendrites
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Fibers that conduct a nerve impules AWAY from a neuron cell body are?
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Axons
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Endocrine glands secrete what?
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Hormones
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What type of tissue can strech to accomplish its function?
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Transitional epithelium
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Loose connective tissue is also referred as?
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Areolar
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What type of membrane is the Plurae?
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Serous membrane
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Name five signs of cancer.
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Bleeding, non-healing, pain, weight loss, cough
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What are three traditional types of cancer removal
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1. Surgical: mass removed, 2. Radiation: small amounts to an organ, 3. Chemo: Drugs to attack the cancer
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Why is blood considered to be connective tissue?
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Because connective tissue is the supporting fabric of all parts of the body and blood belongs to the Matrix
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The three types of epithelial membranes are what?
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1.Serous (peritoneum), 2.Mucous (covers internal organs), 3.Cutaneous (skin)
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