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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are receptors?
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Hormones that attach to plasma membrane proteins
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What are the building blocks of protein hormones called?
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Amino Acids
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What does the ACTH act on?
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The adrenal cortex
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What is an antidiuretic hormone ADH?
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A hormone from the posterior pituitary, that is involved in water balance
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What is the growth hormone also known as?
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Somatotropin
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What produces the hormone melatonin?
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The pineal gland
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What hormone is secreted by the pancreatic islets that lowers the blood sugar?
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Insulin
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What is aldosterone?
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A hormone from the adrenal cortex that helps regulate sodium and potassium balance
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What is the hormone that is secreted from the thymus that promotes T cell growth?
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Thymosin
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What hormone is secreted by the pancreatic islets that raises the blood sugar?
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Glucagon
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A portal system links the hypothalamus to what?
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The anterior pituitary glands
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Cretinism results from what?
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The lack of Thyroxine in children
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What disease results in the lack of insulin?
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Diabetes Mellitus
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What is goiter?
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland
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What disease results from underactivity of the adrenal cortex?
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Addison disease
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What is Acromegaly?
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The disorder that results from excess growth hormones in an adult
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Excess secretion of cortisol causes what?
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Cushing syndrome
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What is Erythropoietin?
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The hormone secreted from the kidneys that increases RBC synthesis
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What hormone can be used to induce labor?
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Oxytocin
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Excess stress can inhibit the immune system due to the actions of what hormone?
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Cortisol
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Increased blood calcium levels results in what?
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Increased calcitonin and decreased parathyroid hormone
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What are the large glands located on both sides of the larynx?
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The thyroid glands
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Where are the islets of langerhans located?
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The pancreas
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What effect would a large increase in cortisol have on glaucagon and insulin secretion?
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Insulin would be increased and glaucagon would be decreased
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What hormone opposes the effects of the parathyroid hormone?
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Calcitonin
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Where is cortisol produced?
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The adrenal cortex
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What is a gonadotropic hormone?
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Luteinizing hormone
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Where is ADH and Oxytocin produced?
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In the hypothalamus
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What are the target tissues for Oxytocin
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The uterus and breasts
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Which gland produces calcitonin?
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The thyroid gland
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What is a mineralocorticoid?
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Aldosterone
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What is the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland called?
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The infundibulum
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What does diabetes insipidus result from?
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A lack of antidiuretic hormone
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Someone that suffers from high blood sugar, frequent urination, and thirst will most likely be diagnosed as what?
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non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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Deficiency of thyroxine in an adult can result in what?
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Myxedema
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What are the local hormones that are produced by most body tissues?
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Prostaglandins
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What does aldestrone do?
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It decreases sodium and increases blood pressure
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What is a hormone that increases sodium and lowers blood pressure called?
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Atrial natriuretic peptide
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What is the best treatment for anaphylaxis?
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Epinephrine
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What do oral contraceptives contain?
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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What does the suffix
"-poiesis" mean |
forming
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What is a word ending for a hormone that controls another gland?
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tropin
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What is nephromegaly?
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Enlargement of the kidney
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Proteins in the blood that bind to antogens are called what?
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Antibodies
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What substance makes up more than 50% of the blood plasma?
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Water
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What element is needed for the formation of hemoglobin?
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Iron
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The cells that give rise to all blood cells are found where?
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In red bone marrow
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Red blood cells are also called what?
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Erythrocytes
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What are the cell fragments that are invilved in hemostasis called?
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Platelets
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What protein carries oxygen in RBCs?
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Hemaglobin
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What are the most numerous blood cells called?
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Erythrocytes RBCs
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What do activated lymphocytes that produce antibodies called?
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Plasma cells
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How do thrombocytes first assist in hemostasis?
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By forming a platelet plug
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What does the contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of a blood vessel cause?
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Vasoconstriction
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What is an anticoagulant?
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A substance that inhibits the formation of a blood clot
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What is the insoluablee protein that forms a blood clot called?
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Fibrin
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What is the sceintific term for excessive bleeding?
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Hemorrhage
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What is the rupture of red blood cells called?
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HEMOLYSIS
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The disease caused by the lack of vitamin B12 called?
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Pernicious Anemia
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What disease results from the destruction of red bone marrow?
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Aplastic anemia
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What cancer results in the abnormal production of white blood cells?
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Leukemia
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What is an inherited disease that results from a defect in clotting factor VIII?
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Hemophelia
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What is the average total volume of blood in the body?
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5 liters
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What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
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Albumin
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What is the main carbohydrate in plasma?
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Glucose
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What is a system of enzymes that is used to combat pathogens called?
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A compliment
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Which blood cell lacks a nucleus?
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Erythrocytes
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What cell would be capable of protein synthesis?
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Neutrophils
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Platelets are derived from large bone marrow cells called what?
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Megakaryocytes
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Why would the level of erythropoietin production rise?
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As a consequence of hemorrhage
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What do macrophages develop from?
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Monocytes
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What is a band cell?
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An immature neutrophil
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What is the most abundant type of leukocyte?
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Neutrophils
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What are two phagocytes?
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Macrophages and neutrophils
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What is the prevention of blood loss called?
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Hemostasis
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What is agglutination?
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The clumping of red cells when they are mixed with matching antiserum
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What does the gamma globulin fraction of the plasma contain?
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Antibodies
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What is an inherited hemolytic form of anemia called?
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Sickle cell anemia
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What is a low white blood cell count called?
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Leukopenia
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Where does myelogeneous leukemia arise?
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In red bone marrow
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What is the BUN test used for?
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Nitrogenous waste
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What is a person with a hematocrit of 33% suffering from?
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Anemia
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What is a person with a red cell count of 7million cells suffering from?
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Polycythemia
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What is a person suffering from if they have a red cell count of 2000 cells?
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Leukopenia
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What is an estimation of the percentage of each white blood cell type in a smear called?
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Differential white count
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What is polycythemia?
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An excess of red blood cells due to a bone marrow abnormality
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What are three functions of blood and name an element involved in each function
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1. Regulation; pH, 2. Protection; Antibodies, 3. Transportation; Oxygen
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Define Hemostasis
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The process that prevents blood loss
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What are the three steps of hemostasis?
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Contraction, Formation of a platelet plug, blood clot
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How are plasma and serum similar and different?
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They both have no formed elements, Plasma has clotting factors, serum has no clotting factors
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What is the thick muscular layer of the heart wall called?
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Myocardium
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What is the heart wall layer that is part of the pericardium?
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The epicardium
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What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium called?
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Pericardial cavity
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The right side of the heart pumps blood through what circut?
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The pulmonary circut
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Which side of the heart pumps blood over longer distances?
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The left side
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What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
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Ventricles
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How are the two upper chambers of the heart seprated?
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By the interatrial septum
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What is the right atrioventricular valve also known as?
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The tricuspid valve
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The aortic and semilunar valves are also known as what?
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Semilunar valves
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Where are the intercalated disks found in the heart?
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In the Myocardium
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Which valve is the exit of the right ventricle?
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The pulmonary valve
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What is the coronary sinus?
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The dialated valve that returns blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium
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What is the coronary circulation?
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The blood supply to the myocardium
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The ventricles contract during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
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Systole
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Stroke Volume + Heart Rate = What?
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The cardiac output
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What are the conducting cells in the heart that set the rate called?
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Nodese
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How do impulses travel from the SA node to the AV node?
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Internodal pathways
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Tachycardia could result from the activation of which division of the ANS?
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The sympathetic
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The heart rate is slowed down by which division of the ANS?
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The parasympathetic
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What is the term for an abnormally slow heart rate?
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Bradycardia
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What is the term for an abnormally fast heart rate?
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Tachycardia
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The sound heard at the beginning of the ventricular systole is described as?
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Lubb
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What is the heart sound heard from normal ventricular filling called?
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A functional murmur
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How does atrial septal defect occur?
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When the foramen ovale fails to close after birth
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What is the result of inflammation of the serous membrane surrounding the heart?
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Pericarditis
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What is the medical term for a heart attack?
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Myocardial Infarction
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What gender is most likely to develop heart disease until middle age?
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Male
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What is the most simple way to detect a heart murmur?
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With a stethoscope
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How are electrical changes in the heart detected?
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By an Electrocardiograph
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What is a plant derived substance, that slows and strenghtens heart muscle contractions?
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Digitalis
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What is the small tube thats inserted into a coronart artery to prevent repeated blockage called?
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A stent
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What does the word part "isch-" mean?
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Suppression
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What is endocarditis
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Inflammation of the epithelial lining of the heart
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What is the outtermost layer of the heart wall called?
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The epicardium
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What is the part of the heart that is capable of generating the largest force?
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The left ventricle
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Which chamber receives it's blood from the lungs?
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The left atrium
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How does the left ventricle receive its blood?
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From the left atrium
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What are the threads that attach the valve flaps to the ventricle walls called?
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Chordae Tendineae
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Which valve prevents blood from re-entering the left ventricle?
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The aortic valve
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Which valves are the semilunar valves?
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The aortic and pulmonary valves
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The coronary sinus collects blood from where?
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The myocardium
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What are the first vessels that branch off of the aorta?
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Coronary arteries
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The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle, with each contraction is called what?
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Stroke Volume
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When are the atrioventricular valves closed?
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During the entire period os ventricular systole
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When does atrial systole occur?
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When the atria are contracting
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What is the order that impulses travel through the heart?
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SA node, Internodal pathway, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinjie fibers
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What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
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The SA node
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Activation of the parasympathetic system does what to the heart beat?
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Decreases the heart beat
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A heart beating 50 times a minute is described as what?
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Bradycardia
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The second sound of the heart, dubb, is caused from what?
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The closing of the semilunar valves
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What is the ductus arteriosus?
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A vessel present in the fetus
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What is a congenital narrowing of the aortic arch called?
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Coarctation
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What is the area damaged by a heart attack called?
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Infarct
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Which technique is used to visualize structures?
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Fluroscope
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What is angioplasty used for?
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To open restricted arteries
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What are beta-adrenginic blocking agents used for?
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To reduce the rate and strength of cardiac contractions
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What does the word part "scler/o" mean
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Hard
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Why is the heart described as double pump?
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Due to 2 different circuts pulmonary and systemic
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Based on word parts, what does bradyesthesia mean
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Slow preception
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If a myocardial infarction incapacitates the sinoatrial node, and the atrioventricular node is now acting as the pacemaker, how will the heart beat differ from normal?
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Slower than normal; Bradycardia. Could be corrected with an artificial pacemaker
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What is the difference between a myocardial infarction and angina pectoris?
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Mycardial Infarction is caused by coronary thrombrosis and angina pectoris is inadequet blood flow to the heart
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What does angiogenesis mean?
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Angio = blood vessels
Genesis = Formation Formation of blood vessels |
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What is any vessel that carries blood away from the heart called?
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An artery
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What are the microscopic vessels that allow for exchanges between the blood and body cells called?
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Capillaries
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What is a small artery called?
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Arteriole
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What is the most inferior portion of the aorta called?
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The abdominal aorta
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What are the vessels that supply blood to the heart called?
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Coronary arteries
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What are the vessels that supply blood to the diaphragm called?
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Phrenic arteries
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What is the first branch of the subclavian artery?
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The vertebral artery
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A communication between two vessels is called what?
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Anastomosis
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What does the union of the radial and the ulnar arteries in the hand form?
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The superficial palmar arches
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What is the longest vein in the body?
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The great saphenous vein
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Which vein drains the areas supplied by the carotid arteries
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The jugglar veins
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What is the large vein that drains the upper part of the body, and empties into the right atrium?
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The superior vena cava
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What does the lumbar vein drain into?
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The Inferior vena cava
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Which vein does the azygos drain into?
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The superior vena cava
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What is a large channel that drains deoxygenated blood called?
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A sinus
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What is the dialated channel that drains the opthalmic veins called?
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The cavernous sinus
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What is a circulatory pathway that carries blood to a secondary capillary bed before it returns to the heart called?
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A portal system
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Where does the splenic vein drain into?
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The hepatic portal system
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How is fluid drawn into the capillaries?
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Osmotic pressure
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What is a decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel called?
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Vasoconstriction
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What area of the brain regulates arteriolar diameter?
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The vasomotor center
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What are the flaps in the veins that ensure one-way flow of blood called?
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Valves
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What are the two major determinants of blood pressure?
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Peripheral resistance and cardiac output
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What is an instrument used to manually measure blood pressure?
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Syphgmomanometer
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Which blood pressure occurs during the heart muscle relaxation?
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Diastolic pressure
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What is the sceintific term for high blood pressure?
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Hypertension
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What is the enzyme that is produced in the kidneys called?
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Renin
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What is hardening of the arteries technically known as?
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Arteriosclerosis
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What is a weakened area of a blood vessel wall that bulges outwards called?
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An aneurysm
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What aretery would you apply pressure to in order to stop a bleeding ear?
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The temporal artery
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What is shock resulting from significant decrease in blood volume?
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Hypovolemia
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What does the word part "phren/o" refer to?
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Diaphragm
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A vessel with three distinct layers one of which is a thick muscular layer, having the layers separated by extensive elastic tissue is most likely what kind of vessel?
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An artery
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What blood vessels have the thinnest walls?
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Capillaries
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What do the carotid arteries supply blood to?
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The head
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Which vessel supplies blood to the intestine?
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The mesenteric
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When the aorta ends what does it branch into?
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The common iliac arteries
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What artery becomes the femoral artery?
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The external iliac
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What are branches of the abdominal aorta?
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The phrenic, renal and ovarian arteris
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What is the superficial palmar arch formed by?
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The union of the radial and ulnar arteries
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Where are the cephalic, basilic, and median cubitial veins located?
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In the arm
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What forms the brachiocephalic vein?
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The union of the subclavian and the jugular veins
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What vein drains blood from the chest wall?
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The azygous vein
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What does the presence of albumin in capillary result in?
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Osmotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries
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What is the main process involved in capillary exchange?
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Diffusion
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What happens if the precapillary sphincter is dialated?
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More blood will flow into a capillary bed
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What is high blood pressure that has no apparent medical cause called?
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Essential hypertension
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What is a clot that is loose and floats called?
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An embolus
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What is phlebitis?
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Inflammation of a vein
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