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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Caravan trading center; pilgrimage center; location of Kaaba stone
-lots of ideas, intellectual center, social upheaval -no middle class in city (rich & poor divided) -where Mohammad founded the religion |
Mecca
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City where Mohammad founded the Islamic political movement
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Medina
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Word of God; transcript of book that exists in heaven in Arabic
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Quran
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Means submit
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Islam
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A forum where people spoke their minds; used to justify Islam as being compatible with democracy
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Majlis
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- Journey to Medina in 622 AD
- 1st year of Muslim caledar - Muslim year is on lunar system -11 days shorter than Roman calendar |
Hijhra
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bazaar (arabic word)
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Suq
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
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1. shahada (testimony/profession of faith)
2. prayer (5 X a day) 3. zakat (alms) 4. Ramadan (month of fasting) 5. hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) |
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"There is not God but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet."
-Islamic testimony/profession of faith |
Shahada (pillar)
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5 times a day, always begins with "In name of God," most important day = Friday @ noon
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Prayer (pillar)
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alms; 2.5% of wealth yearly to the poor
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zakat (pillar)
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Month of fasting; can miss a day if sick or traveling
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Ramadan (pillar)
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Pilgrimage to Mecca
-reinforces equality of all Muslims before God; end of month is Eid; the day that ruler traditionally release a criminal |
Hajj (pillar)
hajji=person going on the pilgrimage |
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Consultations; used to justify Islam as compatible with democracy
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shura
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Collective transnational aspect of religion; global Islamic community
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Umma
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Common Islamic law; changed in the 90s, began to fade away; now is small source, not law of land; Saudis & Taliban in Afghanistan follow it as law of the land
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Shariah
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Deep loyalty to an ethnic group, religion, homeland, leader or set of institutions
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nationalism
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Series of reforms during the Ottoman Empire
- combated European dominance -shift from millet system toward an individual id instead of a collective id |
Tanzimat
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Islamic religious movements in Saudi Arabia
-founded in 18th century by Abd al-Wahhab -fundamentalist sect in Saudi Arabia; Unitarian movement |
Wahhabi movement
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Christians in Lebanon
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Mironites
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Group stemmed from army that killed Ali
-located in Oman |
Kharijites
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Arabic word for school
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madrassa
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Religious endowment made when someone dies to help a school or hospital
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waqf
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Cultural boundaries
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nation
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Political boundaries
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state
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States that signed treaties with Britain
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Trucial states
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Period in history before Islam; period of ignorance
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Jahiliyya
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1915-1916, between Britist General McMahon and Sharif Hussein
-agreement that said Arabs would achieve independence if Arabs revolted against Ottomans; Brits didn't come through = Arabs felt betrayed |
McMahon Correspondence
(1915-1916) |
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Promise from British foreign secretary Balfour to British Zionist named Rothschild
-Jewish homeland promised safeguard region against non-Jews |
Balfour Declaration
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Secret agreement between Brits & French to divide Ottoman Empire and not give Jews homeland as previously promised
-gave France Levant region -Britain got Iraq & Jordan |
Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Currently Israel, Gaza, West Bank, Syria, Jordan
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Levant
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Populist movement in Egypt
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Wafd
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1920, 1st of many uprisings in Iraq against Brits
-Fatwa issued -first time Sunnis, Shiites, tribes, & cities joined together as one -as result, Brits had to change way they ruled; created cooperative gov't with an Arab admin |
The Great Revolution (1920)
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Religious ruling that declared jihad (against Brits in 1920)
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Fatwa
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Shiite type of religious scholar
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mujlahib
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Non-Islamic communities protected under Islamic law
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Djimmi
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Done in 1921 where Faisal was made king of Syria (& later Iraq) and Abdullah was made king of Trans-Jordan
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Cairo Conference
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Established in 1925, 75% owned by British and 25% owned by France
-Controlled this company for 75 years -Iraqis didn't receive any of the profits |
Iraq Petroleum Company
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US commission that traveled to Syria to ask the people who they wanted as rules between the British and the nationalists
-Occurred after WWI |
The King-Crane Commission
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200 Palestines killed after an armistice was declared
-caused 50,000 Palestinians to flee the territory |
Deir Yassin
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Holy shrine in Mecca that Muslims worship and believe was first put into place by Abraham to honor Allah
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Kaaba
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Arab tribe which Mohammad belonged to; resisted the Islamic movement and confronted Mohammad
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Quraish
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Mountainous region of Arabia's Red Sea coast
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Hijaz
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Representatives of the Prophet
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Caliphs
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System of ruling that collected taxes but allowed minorities to rule themselves
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millet system
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Done by a muezzin, 5 times a day after purity
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Call to prayer
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8 military expeditions, attempt to liberate Jerusalem, changed Muslim attitude towards west
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The Crusades
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chapters of the Koran
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sura
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Prophet Mohammad's personal utterances that were not direct recitations of God's word
-But are thought to be formed from prophet's divine inspiration -Not in the Koran |
Hadith
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The process of Shariah interpretation used by Muslim Brotherhood to reapply values of the past to problems of the present
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ijtihad
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Religous war
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jihad
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The messiah of Islam expected to come to earth in end days to lead faithful in war against infidel (Shiites believe this)
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The Mahdi
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Tower in Mosque where call to prayer takes place
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Minaret
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Arab tribe that founded the traded settlement of Mecca and the hijaz, mountain region at juncture of many important trade routes
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The Quraish
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The first 4 caliphs that ruled after Mohammad's death.
-the rightly guided caliphs |
The Rashidun
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Islamic law, was common law until 19th century when it began to fade away
-Basis of Muslim social & legal code from the Koran and Hadith |
Shariah
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Shiites believe there are 12 caliphs in occultation, feel Ali's children should succeed him
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Twelver Shiism
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Shiite religious authority - learned in the law
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Ulama (ulema)
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The constituency, the group of beliefs the prophet is sent to
-Now means that the beliefs of Islam are a community in themselves |
The Umma(ummah)
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1. First against Ottomans (1916-1918)
-part of Hussein-McMahon correspondence -marked beginning of dismemberment of Ottoman empire -ushered in close relations b/tw Brits & the rules of Trans-jordan and parts of Arabia including Iraq -come to be ruled by the Hashemite 2. Second against Brits in Palestine -Brits turn responsibility of mandate over the UN -Result=Brits oppression of Palestines increases |
The Arab Revolt(s)
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Christians in Egypt
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Copts
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Jewish terrorist group operating in Palestine from 1931-1948
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Irgun
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Vast army/class of Ottomans, slaves obtained as children and trained in schools
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Janissaries
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European authority to rule after WWI
France- Syria, Lebanon Brits- Egypt, Iraq, Trans-Jordan |
The Mandates
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The opposite of American melting pot; lots of subcultures that don't melt together but can exist together; interdependence b/tw communities
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Mosaic society
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Egypt
-return to the roots of Islam to create a more just & decent society -fundamentalist ideology w/ not distinction b/tw politics & religion -opposed to Nasser -created resistance -opposed to the support of Israel -used the itjihad interpretation of Shariah |
The Muslim Brotherhood
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1937, divide Palestine and give Arabs & Israelis each a state
-Arabs rejected this, saw Israelis as immigrants who were not entitled to Palestinian lands |
The Peel Commission
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Brits didn't seem interested in independence of Iraq instead wanted a puppet gov't
-New gov't set up under a commission under Percy Cox |
The San Remo Conference
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Groups that maintain identity across borders
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Transnational (supra-state) identities
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after 1949,this was annexed by King Abdul into part of Jordan and was never excepted by international community; then occupied by Israel as a result of the 1967 war
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The West Bank
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Idea of Jewish homeland in Palestine
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Zionist/Zionism
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Located in Damascus and spread, but was eventually overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate
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Ummayyid Caliphate
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Located in Baghdad and existed from 750 to 1258 AD
-overthrown by the Mongols |
Abbasid Caliphate
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Spread almost to Vienna and also to Spain
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Mongols
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Last political force to hold the Middle east together. Rose in the 15th century with the fall of Constantinople and it was largely democratic
-Sunni-dominated Empire -18th century, weakened -after WWI, borders began to shape |
Ottoman Empire
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