Infections Of The Cardiovascular/lymphatic System

Front 1

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System anatomy review

Back 1

-Blood vessels transport blood bi-directionally. Spleen contains high concentrations of WBC that filter microbes from blood.
-Lymph vessels transport lymph AWAY from extremities. Lymph nodes contain high concentrations of WBC that filter microbs from lymph.

Front 2

Cardio Defenses

Back 2

Rich in lymphocytes and phagocytes.
5,000-10,000 per ml of blood
No normal microbiota reside here.

Front 3

Lymphatic Defenses

Back 3

All types of WBC reside here.
No normal microbiota reside here.

Front 4

Presence of microbes in the blood (terminology)

Back 4

-Bactermia
-Fungemia
-Viremia

Front 5

Septicemia (terminology)

Back 5

When bacteria/fungi flourish and grow in bloodstream.
-strong immune reaction
-causes drop in blood pressure and organ failures (septic shock

Front 6

Endocarditis (terminology)

Back 6

Inflammation of the endocardium.

Front 7

Microbes that cause endocarditis (ACUTE/SUBACUTE)

Back 7

-Acute: Staph. aureus, Strep. pyogenes (Gram+ cocci)
-Subacute: Strep. oralis, Strep. mutans (Gram+cocci) OFTEN ORAL BACTERIAL

Front 8

What is acute endocarditis?

Back 8

Bacterial infection of normal/healthy heart valves
-bacteria usually introduced via trauma or surgery
-if untreated, almost always fatal.

Front 9

Acute Endocarditis Pathogenesis (Same as subacute)

Back 9

-Bacteria form biofilms on heart valves, which interfere with valve functions.
-Biofilms form emboli.
-Covered with host fibrin/platelets.

Front 10

Acute endocarditis

Back 10

Diagnosis: blood culture and biochemical test
Transmission: via injury/trauma/incisions
Prevention: prophylactic antibiotics prior to surgery, clean hospital.
Treatment: IV antibiotics
-long treatment required because biofilms are less susceptible to drugs.
Signs/symptoms: critically ill (fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, shortnes of breath, chest pain) and petechiae

Front 11

What is more detrimental? Acute or Subacute endocarditis?

Back 11

Acute. Subacute is less pathogenic.

Front 12

What is subacute endocarditis?

Back 12

Bacterial infection of DAMAGED heart valves (most often occurs in elderly or people with heart disease)
-bacteria are less pathogenic than those that cause acute endo.
-disease is fatal is left untreated.

Front 13

Subacute Endocarditis

Back 13

Signs/symptoms; same as acute. take longer to develop.
Pathogenesis: same as acute.
Diagnosis: blood culture
Transmission: via dental procedures, vigorous brushing.
Prevention: good oral hygiene* avoid gingivitis.
-antibiotics before procedure
Treatment: IV antibiotics (similar to acute)

Front 14

Septicemia

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-Microbes are actively multiplying in bloodstream (fatal if untreated)
-Virulence factors: cell wall or membrane components
-Treatment: broad spectrum antibiotics first, then specific antibiotics once culture results obtained.

Front 15

Lyme Disease

Back 15

Transmitted by deer ticks. (apparent red rash ring)
Virulence factors: antigen shifting, adhesins.
Treatment: lengthy treatment with tetracycline or cephalosporins.

Front 16

Mononucleosis: Signs/symptoms

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(arise 30-50 days post exposure)
-severe sore throat with white exudate on tonsils.
-high fever, cervical lymphadenitis
-fatigue that can last for weeks+
-leukocytosis
-enlarged spleen

Front 17

Monoculeosis: Pathogenesis

Back 17

-EBV invades oropharynx epithelial cells, replicates and lyses cells.
-Virus infects B-cells and spreads to spleen.
-Causes B-cell proliferation into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce lots of antibodies, but antibodies are not specific for EBV. (heterophile antibodies reach with proteins of other species)
-Virus becomes latent in B-cells)

Front 18

Mononucleosis

Back 18

Potential sequelae: Hodgkins lymphoma (cancer of lymph nodes)
Diagnosis: monospot test- agglutination reaction that detects heterophile antibodies.
Transmission: person-to-person via saliva
Prevention:hygiene, common sense.

Front 19

Mononucleosis: Virulence factors and Treatment

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Virulence factors: latency, ability to incorporate into host DNA.
Treatment: supportive, treat symptoms of fever and sore throat. bedrest.

Front 20

HIV/AIDS

Back 20

Virulence factors: attachment, syncytia formation, reverse transcriptase, high mutation rate.
Treatment- HAART (reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus protease inhibitors), fuzeon, nonnucleoside RT inhibitors.

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