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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proliferate
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Multiply
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Pathogenic
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Disease producing
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Infection
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An invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)
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Disease
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A condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part, or system of the organism
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Resident flora
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Microorganisms that do not cause disease
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Colonization
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The process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiply, but do not cause disease(resident flora)
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Definition of etiology
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Cause
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Etiology of infection
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Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites(includes Protozoa)
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Source of transmission of infection
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Communicable-infectious(community acquired) or nosocomial(HAI)
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HAI
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Healthcare associated infection; (AKA nosocomial); acquired during delivery of health care
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Most common site of HAI
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Urinary tract
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Most common organisms of HAI
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E. coli, S. aureus, enterococci
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Price of HAI
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Costly, insurances won't pay for it
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Contributing factors of HAI's & what is the major cause
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Major cause is insufficient hand washing. Other contributing factors are iatrogenic & compromised host defenses
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Iatrogenic
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Caused by treatment or diagnostic procedures
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MRSA
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(CAMRSA); methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
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VRSA
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Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus
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VRE
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Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
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PRSP
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Penicillin resistant streptococcal pneumonia
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MDRTB
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Multi-drug resistant TB
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Resistant microbes lead to...
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Suprainfections
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Susceptibility of risk for infection is influenced by...
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Age, heredity, stress, nutritional status, immunization status, personal habits, medical treatments and therapies, pre-existing diseases, recent illnesses or surgery, weakened defense systems, cultural practices, environmental factors
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What age groups are most at risk for infection and why?
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Newborns (due to an immature immune system) and the elderly (deteriorating immune system, alterations in structure and function of skin, urinary tract & lungs, and depletion of lymphoid tissue, decreased T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes
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What does heredity have to do with a person's risk for infection?
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Certain inherited conditions impair the individual's response to infection
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What does stress have to do with risk for infection?
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High level of stress can decrease resistance to infection
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What does nutritional status have to do with risk for infection?
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Antibodies are proteins, poor intake of foods containing proteins decreases defenses against infection & impairs wound healing. Need for calories & protein increases.
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What does immunization status have to do with risk for infection?
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Newborns get passive immunity for 3 months from mother along with artificial vaccines at specific intervals
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What do personal habits have to do with risk for infection?
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Smoking inhibits ciliary action & depletes vitamin C, alcohol( ETOH) ingestion decreases effectiveness of antibiotics & may result in poor nutritional choices, risky sexual behavior could lead to HIV, hepatitis B, etc.
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What do medical treatments and therapies have to do with risk for infection?
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Certain medications, invasive procedures, radiation, etc make you more susceptible to infections
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What kind of pre-existing diseases make you more susceptible to infections?
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Chronic illnesses, cancer, diabetes, etc.
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What does a weakened defense system have to do with risk for infection?
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Can be nonspecific (skin, mucosal membranes, "free-flowing" fluids like urine, or can be specific, such as your immune system
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What are the body's nonspecific host defenses?
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Skin, protective mechanisms, inflammatory response & fever
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What is the body's specific host defense
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The immune system
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The body's #1 defense
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Intact skin & mucous membranes
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What are the body's protective mechanisms
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Found in orifices, body structures, phagocytosis, cilia, etc.
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What is the body's inflammatory response? What about in the elderly?
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It's an adaptive response to neutralize pathogens and repair body cells. "-itis" is the suffix implying inflammation. Characterized as pain, swelling (edema), redness, heat, impaired function. Inflammatory response may be delayed in the elderly-no redness, swelling, fever but may have fatigue, confusion, disorientation, agitation, incontinence, lethargy.
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What is the function of fever
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It stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies & T-cells. It can be beneficial.
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What is the definition of immunity
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A complex, biochemical response that resists infection
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What are the functions of the immune system?
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1. Recognizes "foreign" invading protein-antigens(bacteria, virus, etc.)
2. Stimulates production of antibodies to destroy the "invaders" 3. Constantly surveys the body to maintain homeostasis. Removes old/aging cells, destroys mutated cells & looks for invaders |
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What are the types of immunity
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Antibody mediated & cell mediated
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What is an considered an official fever
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100.4 degrees F or higher
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What types of cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity
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B cell lymphocytes
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What are other names for antibody mediated immunity
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Humoral, circulating, acquired
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What are the types of antibody mediated immunity
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Active & passive
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What is active antibody mediated immunity
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When the host produces it's own antibodies
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What is passive antibody mediated immunity
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When the host receives antibodies
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What are the types of active antibody mediated immunity
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1. Natural exposure to antigens like through an infection (life long)
2. Artificial antigens given via vaccines (many years, may need booster) |
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What are the types of passive antibody mediated immunity
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1. Natural source-nursing mother(6 months-1year)
2. Artificial source-injection of an immune serum(2-3weeks) |
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What cells are involved in cell mediated immunity
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T cell lymphocytes
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What are other names for cell mediated immunity
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Cellular
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Can cell mediated immunity be given
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No
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What causes a decrease in cell mediated immunity
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Malnutrition
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What are the body's responses to infection
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Localized response and systemic response
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What are the 5 cardinal signs of the body's localized response to infection
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Hyperemia(redness due to blood rushing to the area), edema(swelling), heat (due to increased blood flow in the area), pain, impaired or loss of function, possible exudate(drainage) in open wounds
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What are the 5 cardinal signs of the body's systemic response to infection
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Fever, increased pulse & respiratory rate if fever is high, malaise (feeling of weakness, discomfort), anorexia (loss of appetite), nausea, vomiting, lymphadenopathy- enlarged, tender lymph nodes
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What laboratory data will show if there is an infection
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Elevated WBC(leukocytes). Normal is 4500-11000 per ml; elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR or sed rate). The RBC's settle more rapidly in the presence of the inflammatory process; positive cultures (culture urine, blood, sputum, wound, iv tips, etc).
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What are the stages of the infectious process
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Incubation period, prodromal period, illness period, convalescent period
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Describe the incubation period
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No signs or symptoms, period between invasion of the microorganism and before the first sign of disease. Time varies with the illness(days, weeks, months, years)
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acquired immunity
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one of the 2 major types of immunity. aka passive immunity, when the host receives natural(from a nursing mother) or artificial(from an injection of immune serum) antibodies produced by another source
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active immunity
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one of the 2 major types of immunity. When the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural antigens (infectious microorganisms) or artificial antigens(vaccines).
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antibody
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aka immunoglobulins. part of the body's plasma proteins
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antigen
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a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness (immunity).
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antiseptics
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agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms
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asepsis
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the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms
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blood-borne pathogens
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those microorganisms carried in blood & body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons with serious & difficult to treat viral infections, such as hep b, hep c, & hiv.
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biohazard
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1. A biological agent, such as an infectious microorganism, or a condition that constitutes a threat to humans, especially in biological research or experimentation.
2. The potential danger, risk, or harm from exposure to such an agent or condition. |
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cultures
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labratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium
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disinfectants
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agents that destroy pathogens other than spores
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ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate. RBC's normally settle slowly, but the rate increases in the presence of an inflammatory process
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Hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus
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Illness period
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1 of the 4 stages of the infectious process. The acute phase, marked by signs & symptoms that are specific to the type of infection(strep throat manifested by sore throat, mumps by earache, carotid & salivary gland swelling). Fever is often present.
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