Nclex Infections And Infection Control

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Assessment findings of a local infection include

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heat, redness, pain/tenderness, swelling, possible drainage (bloody, serous, purulent), abscess (localized collection of pus), cellulitis (involving cellular and connective tissue)

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Assessment findings of a systemic infection include

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fever, malaise, weakness

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Normal WBC count

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5000-10000/mm3

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An increase in the WBC count indicates _______

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presence of disease or injury

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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) elevations > 15-20 mm/h indicate _____

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presence of inflammation

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Cultures of suspected infectious sites should be obtained before

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antibiotic therapy

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Culture specimens must be

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carefully collected and identified

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Immediate, short-term, nonspecific response to the side effects of injury

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inflammation

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Caused by pathogenic microorganisms and transmitted by direct contact, droplet spread, contaminated articles, or through carriers

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communicable diseases

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infection acquired in the hospital

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nosocomial

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Nosocomial infections are most commonly caused by

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Staphlococcus aureus

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Infections or infectious diseases is treated with

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appropriate antibiotics

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____ precautions are used with all patients

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standard

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the primary strategy for nosocomial infection control

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standard precautions

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the most important way to reduce transmission of pathogens is

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use of standard precautions

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Standard precautions apply to _____

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blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions, except sweat

Front 17

incubation time for chickenpox

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13-17 days

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incubation for diphtheria

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2-5 days

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incubation for pertussis

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5-21 days, usually 10

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incubation for rubella

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14-21 days

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incubation for rubeola

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10-20 days

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incubation for scarlet fever

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2-4 days

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incubation for mononucleosis

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4-6 weeks

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incubation for mumps

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14-21 days

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early symptoms of chickenpox include

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slight fever, malaise, and anorexia

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clinical picture of this disease includes a pruritic rash that begins as a macule, then papule, and then vesicle with successive crops of all three stages present at any one time; lymphadenopathy; and elevatied temperature

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chickenpox

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how is chickenpox transmitted

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direct contact, droplet, and contaminated objects

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Patients with chickenpox should be isolated until

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all vesicles are crusted

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chickenpox is communicalbe from ____

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2 days before the rash

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chickenpox should be treated with ______

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tylenol and topical application of calamine lotion or baking soda baths

Front 31

early symptoms of diphtheria

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resemble the common cold

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symptoms of diphtheria include

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low-grade fever
hoarseness
malaise
pharyngeal lymphadenitis
characteristic white/gray
pharyngeal membrane

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how is diphtheria transmitted

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direct contact with a carrier
contaminated articles

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these precautions should be observed when caring for a pt with diphtheria

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contact and droplet

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how long do contact and droplet precautions need to be followed for pts with diphtheria

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until two successive negative nose and throat cultures are obtained

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pts with diphtheria need to be maintained on

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complete bedrest

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the nurse caring for the pt with diphtheria needs to watch for signs of

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respiratory distress and obstruction

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this needs to be provided to pts with diphtheria

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humidification and suctioning as needed

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severe cases of diphtheria can lead to

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sepsis and death

Front 40

early symptoms of pertussis include

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upper respiratory infection for 1-2 weeks

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symptoms of pertussis include

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* severe cough with high-pitched "whooping" sound, especially at night, lasting 4-6 weeks

* vomiting

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how is pertussis transmitted

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direct contact
droplet
cntaminated articles

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pertussis in infants is treated with

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hospitalization

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pertussis is treated with _____

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bedrest and hydration

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complications of pertussis include

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pneumonia
weight loss
dehydration
heorrhage
hernia
airway obstruction

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the nurse caring for the pt with pertussis should maintain

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high humidity and restful environment, suction as needed

Front 47

early symptoms of rubella in children

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none

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early symptoms of rubella in adolescents

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low fever and sore throat

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pts with rubella demonstrate

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maculopapular rash appearing first on the face and then on the rest of the body...symptoms subside the first day after the rash

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how is rubella transmitted

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droplet and contaminated articles

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observe ____ precautions in pts with rubella

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contact and droplet

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children with rubella should be isolated from

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potentially pregnant women

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treatment of rubella include

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comfort measures
antipyretics
analgesics

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rare complications of rubella include

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arthritis and encephalitis

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early symptoms of rubeola include

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fever and malaise followed by cough and Kopliks spots on buccal mucosa

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symptosm of rubeola include

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erythematous maculopapular rash with the face first affeted; turns brown after 3 days when symptoms subside

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how is rubeola transmitted

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direct contact

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isolate patients with rubeola until

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the 5th day

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maintain bedrest for pts with rubeola ______

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during the first 3-4 days

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institute _____ precautions for pts with rubeola

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airborne

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treat pts with rubeola with

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antipyretics
dim lights
a humidifier for the room
keep the skin clean
maintain hydration

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early symptoms for scarlet fever include

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high fever with vomiting, chills, malaise, followed by enlarged tonsils coverd with exudate, strawberry tongue

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strawberry tongue is seen in this disease

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scarlet fever

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describe the rash associated with scarlet fever

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red tiny lesions that become generalized and then desquamate

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rash associated with scarlet fever apears within _____

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24 hours

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how is scarlet fever transmitted

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droplet spread or contaminated articles

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institute these precautions for pts with scarlet fever

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droplet

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droplet precautions in scarlet fever should be maingtained for

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24 hours after starting antibiotics

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the nurse caring for the pt with scarlet fever should ensure

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compliance with oral antibiotic therapy

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the pt with scarlet fever should be maintained on bedrest during ______

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the febrile phase

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treatment of scarlet fever includes

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analgesics for sore throat
encourage fluids
soft diet

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symptoms of mononucleosis include

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malaise
fever
enlarged lymph nodes
sore throat
flulike aches
low grade temp

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the highest incidence of mono occures in this age range

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15-30

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how is mono transmitted

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direct contact with oral secretions

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advise family members of pts with mono to avoid

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contact with saliva (cups/silverware) for 3 months

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treatment of mono includes

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rest and good nutrition

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strenusous exercise in the pt with mono should be avoided to ____

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prevent splenic rupture

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complications of mono include

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encephlitis
spleen rupture

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syptoms of tonsillitis include

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fever and white exudate on tonsils

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pts with a diagnosis of tonsillitis will have a positive

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group A strep culture

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treatment of tonsillitis includes

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antibiotics

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potential serious complications of tonsillitis include

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rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

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symptoms of mumps include

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malaise
headache
fever
parotid gland swelling

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how is mumps transmitted

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direct contact with saliva
droplet

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pts with mumps will be maintained on ___ precautions

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droplet

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how long will precautions for pts with mumps be maintained

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droplet precautions until 9 days after onset of swelling

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what kind of diet should be provided to the pt with mumps

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soft, bland

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handwashing should be done immediately on contact with

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blood or bodily fluids

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when should handwashing be completed

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* as soon as gloves are removed

* between pt contacts

* between procedures or tasks with the same pt

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clean, non-sterile gloves should be worn when

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touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, or contaminated articles