Immunology 1-3

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Immunology

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the study of your immune system

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Pathogens

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microorganism that typically causes disease when it infects a host

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Complement

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A set of plasma proteins that act together as a defense against pathogens in extracellular places. The pathogen becomes coated with complement proteins that facilitate its removal by phagocytosis and that can also kill certain pathogens directly. Activation can be initiated in several different ways.

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Antibodies

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a protein that binds specifically to a particular substance (its antigen) and are produced in response to an infection or immunization and bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and destruction

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Pathogen-associated molecular patters (PAMP's)

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molecules specifically associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

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Adaptive immune response

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the response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

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Pattern recognition receptors (PRR's)

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receptors of the innate immune system that recognize common molecular patterns on pathogen surfaces

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Innate immune response

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born with it, recognizes the self from the non-self

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Antimicrobial enzymes

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enzymes that kill microorganisms by their actions, an example is a lysozome which digests bacterial cell walls

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Antigen

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some molecule that can stimulate an immune response

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Antimicrobial peptides

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amphipathic peptides secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kill a variety of microbes nonspecifically, mainly by disrupting cell membranes

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Lymphocytes

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a class of white blood cells that bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses

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Opsonization

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the coating of the surface of a pathogen by antibody and/or complement that makes it more easily ingested by phagocytes

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Immune system

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protects body from things that aren't part of the self; the tissues, cells, and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity

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Zymogen

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an inactive form of an enzyme, usually a protease, that must be modified in some way before it can become active

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Immunological recognition

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general term for the ability of the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems to recognize the presence of an infection

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Complement activation

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the activation of the normally inactive proteins of the complement system that occurs on infection

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Immune effector functions

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all those components and functions of the immune system that restrict an infection and eliminate it

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Classical pathway

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the complement-activation pathway that is initiated by C1 binding either directly to bacterial surfaces or to antibody bound to the bacteria, thus flagging the bacteria is foreign

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Immune regulation

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the capacity of the immune system in normal circumstances to regulate itself so that an immune response does not go out of control and cause tissue damage, autoimmune reactions, or allergic reactions

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C3 convertase

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enzyme complex that cleaves C3 to C3b and C3a on the surface of a pathogen

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Immunological memory

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the ability of the immune system to response more rapidly and more effectively on a second encounter with an antigen

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Membrane attack complex

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protein complex composed of the terminal complement proteins, which assembles on pathogen surfaces to generate a membrane-spanning hydrophilic pore, damaging the membrane and causing cell lysis

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Antigen receptors

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the cell-surface receptor by which lymphocytes recognize antigens

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C5 convertase

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enzyme complex that cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b

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Leukocytes

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a white blood cell

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Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

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mannose-binding protein present in blood, it can opsonize pathogens bearing mannose on their surface

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Bone marrow

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the tissue where all the cellular elements of the blood are initially generated from hematopoetic stem cells

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Complement receptors

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cell-surface proteins of many types that recognize and bind complement proteins that have become bound to an antigen such as a pathogen

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Lymphatic system

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the system of lymph-carrying vessels and peripheral lymphoid tissues through which extracellular fluid from tissues passes before it is returned to the blood

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Phagocytosis

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the internalization of particulate matter by cells by a process of engulfment in which the cell membrane surrounds the material eventually forming an intracellular vessicle (phagosome) containing the ingested material

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Lymph

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the extracellular fluid that accumulates in tissues and is drained by lymphatic vessels that carry it through the lymphatic system to the thoracic ducts which returns it to the blood

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Phagolysosome

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intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome (containing ingested material) and a lysosome, and in which the ingested material is broken down

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Lymphoid

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describes tissues composed mainly of lymphocytes

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Mannose receptor

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a receptor on macrophages that is specific for mannose-containing carbohydrates that occur on the surface of pathogens but not host cells

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Myeloid

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refers to the lineage of blood cells that includes all leukocytes except lymphocytes

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Scavenger receptors

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receptors on macrophages and other cells that bind to numerous ligands and remove them from the blood

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Macrophage

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a large mononuclear phagocytic cell type important as scavenger cells as a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines in innate immunity and as antigen-presenting cells

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fMLP receptor

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a pattern recognition receptor for the peptide fMet-Leu-Phe

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Monocyte

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type of white blood cell with a bean shaped nucleus; becomes a macrophage

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Reactive oxygen species

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superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide produced by phagocytic cells, helps to kill ingested microbes

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Neutrophil

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the most numerous type of white blood cell in human peripheral blood, phagocytic & activates bactericidal mechanisms

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Respiratory burst

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an oxygen-requiring metabolic change in neutrophils and macrophages that have taken up opsonized particles by phagocytosis

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Eosinophil

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a type of white blood cell containing granules, important in allergic reactions and in fight against parasites

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Pro-inflammatory

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tending to induce inflammation

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Basophil

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type of white blood cell containing granules, important in allergic reactions and in fight against parasites

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Cell-adhesion molecules

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cell-surface proteins of several different types that mediate the binding of one cell to other cells or extracellular matrix proteins

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Mast cell

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a large granule-rich cell found in connective tissues throughout the body; important in allergic reactions; granules contain histamines

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Extravasation

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the movement of cells or fluid from within blood vessels to surrounding tissues

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Dendritic cell (DC)

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bone marrow derived cells found in most tissues, including lymphoid tissues; number one function- antigen presenting; key link between innate and adaptive immune response

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Edema

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swelling caused by the entry of fluid and cells from the blood into the tissues; one of the cardinal features of inflammation

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Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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highly specialized cells that can process antigens and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together with other co-stimulatory proteins required for activating naive T-cells; macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

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Toll-like receptors (TLR's)

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innate receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and some other cells, that recognize pathogens and their products

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Natural killer cells (NK cell)

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large granular non-T non-B lymphocytes, which kill virus-infected cells and some tumor cells

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Interleukins

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a generic name for cytokines produced by leukocytes

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Effector lymphocytes

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the cells that differentiate from naive lymphocytes after initial activation by antigen and can then mediate the removal of pathogens from the body without further differentiation

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Chemotaxis

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movement of cells toward the source of the chemokine

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B lymphocyte (B cell)

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one of the two types of antigen-specific lymphocytes responsible for adaptive immune responses

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Selectins

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family of cell-adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelial cells that bind to sugar moieties on specific glycoproteins with mucinlike features

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T lymphocyte (T cell)

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one of the two types of antigen-specific lymphocytes responsible for adaptive immunes responses

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Integrins

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heterodimeric cell-surface proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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B cell receptor (BCR)

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the cell-surface receptor on B cells for specific antigen

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Interferon

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cytokines that are induced in response to infection

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T cell receptor (TCR)

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the cell-surface receptor for antigen on T-lymphocytes

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Plasma cell

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terminally differentiated activated B lymphocyte

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Immunoglobulin

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the protein family to which antibodies and B-cell receptors belong

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Cytotoxic T cell

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type of T cell that can kill other cells

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Helper T cell

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effector CD4 T cells that stimulate or help B cells to make antibody in response to antigenic challenge

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Regulatory T cell

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effector CD4 T cells that inhibit T-cell responses and are involved in controlling immune reactions and preventing autoimmunity

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Memory cells

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B and T lymphocytes that mediate immunological memory

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Central lymphoid organs

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the sites of lymphocyte development; bone marrow and thymus

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Peripheral lymphoid organs

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the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, in which immune responses are induced

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Thymus

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a central lymphoid organ, in which T cells develop, situated in the upper part of the middle of the chest, just behind the breastbone

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Cytokine

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any small protein made by a cell that affects the behavior of other cells

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Chemokine

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small chemoattractant that stimulates the migration and activation of cells, especially phagocytic cells and lymphocytes