Immuno Seven: B Cells

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affinity maturation

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the consequence of genetic mutations in the hypervariable region following B cell activation and isotype switching

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anti-idiotype antibodies

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antibodies that are directed to the hypervariable regions of the light and heavy chains

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Btk kinase

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a tyrosine kinase required for B cell development its genetic deficiency leads to X-linked agammaglobulinemia

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CD19

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a molecule on the surface of B cells - can be used as a panmarker for enumeration of identification of B cells

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CD2

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a molecule present on T cells and NK cells - used as a panmarker for T cells (with contaminating NK cellS)

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CD40-CD40L

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CD40 is present on B cells and other antigen presenting cells, CD40L is presenton T cells

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CD45

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a tyrosine phosphatase

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CD79a/CD79b

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molecules that are expressed in association with mIg on the surface of B cells

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class II MHC

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molecules that present antigen to CD4+ T cells

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clonal expansion

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the sequential binary division of a cell following appropriate stimulation

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FcγRIII

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a low affinity receptor for the Fc region of the IgG antibodies

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follicles

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region of immune tissues in whcih B cells predominate

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GAP

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GTPase activating protein (GAP) which results in th inactivation of GTP by converting it to GDP

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germinal center

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the region of the follicle in which B cells undergo proliferation and other differentiation events following activation

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guanine exchange factor (GEF)

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exchanges GDP with GTP

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high endothelial venules

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venules in lymph nodes, sites at which lymphocytes leave the blood and enter lymph nodes

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hyper IgM syndrome

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a disorder resulting from the defect in CD40-CD40 ligand interaction (usually deficiency in CD40L on T cells)

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hypogammaglobulinemia

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decrease in level of antibodies in serum

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ICAM

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a counter molecule for the adhesion molecule (LFA-1)

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isotype switching

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the consequence leads to the expression of IgG, IgA, or IgE on the activated B cell surface (instead of IgM and IgD)

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ITAM (Skip)

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immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif (contains tyrosine that will be phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases)

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ITIM (Skip)

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immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibition motif (contains tyrosine that will be phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases)

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L selectin

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a molecule on lymphocytes, interacts wtih counter molecules on HEV to induce rolling of lymphocytes

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LFA-1

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leukocyte function associated antigen-1, adhesion molecule present on many cells including B and T cells

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LFA-3

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LFA-3 adhesion molecule whose ligand is CD2

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lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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at high concentrations LPS is a polyclonal activator of B cells

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memory cells

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differentiated lymphocytes that are not destroyed following B cell or T cell activation (immunosurveillance)

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mIg

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B cell receptor, membrane immunoglobulin, or cell surface antibodies

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p21 ras (Skip)

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molecule that activates the raf kinase and so initiates activation of a kinase cascade

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phosphatase (tyrosine) (skip)

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a protein that removes phosphate groups from tyrosine residues

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phospholipase C gamma (Skip)

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a protein whose activation leads to production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)

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pneumococcal polysaccharide

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a T-independent antigen, also component of a capsule in some bacteria

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primary immune response

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immune response following first exposure to antigen

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secondary immune response

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immune response following subsequent exposure to antigen

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SH2 (skip)

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src homology 2 domain

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somatic mutation

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mutations occurring in the DNA encoding the hypervariable region, following B cell activation

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src family kinase (Skip)

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kinases that are similar to the src kinase both in structure and function (src kinases are tyrosine kinases)

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switch recombination

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process following B cell activation in which the DNA of some constant regions is excised (isotype switching)

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T-dependent antigen

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an antigen to which B cells can only respond if T cells deliver the appropriate signals

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T-independent antigen

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an antigen to which B cells can be activated in the absense of cognate interaction with T cells

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transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy

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transient deficiency in serum antibodies

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x-linked agammaglobulinemia (x-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, Bruton's aggammaglobulinemia)

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immunodeficiency disorder resulting from a defect in the Btk kinase