Immune System

Front 1

First Line of Defense

Back 1

1) intact skin as barrier
2) Mucous membrane lining: digestive, respiratory, and genito urinary tracts
-saliva, tears, mucous contain lysozyme
-mucus traps particles
-acidic stomach

Front 2

Second Line of Defense
(WHITE BLOOD CELLS: neutrophils)

Back 2

1) neutrophils- 70% of WBC, cells that are damaged by invading microbes release chemical signals that attract neutrophils from the blood, who enter the infected tissue, and engulf/destroy tissue there.

Front 3

Second Line of Defense
(WHITE BLOOD CELLS: monocytes)

Back 3

develop into macrophages ("big eaters"), amoeba-like movement, long-lived may reside in organs (spleen, liver) and tissues. has long pseudopodia that reaches for microbes and digests

Front 4

Second Line of Defense
(WHITE BLOOD CELLS: eosinophils)

Back 4

destroys large parasites

Front 5

Second Line of Defense
(Natural killer cells)

Back 5

destroy infected cells, lys

Front 6

Second Line of Defense
(ANtimicrobial proteins)

Back 6

1) lysozyme
2) complement system - groups of proteins that lysis invaders - opsonization
3) interferons - secreted by infected cells to help surrounding cells

Front 7

Second Line of Defense
(inflammatory response)

Back 7

damage to tissues cause blood vessels to dilate and more blood to injury and vicinity therefore swelling (edema) and heat

Front 8

Third Line of defense:
immune system specific
(specificity)

Back 8

1) specificity
-antigen triggers the production by lymphocytes to specific antibodies

Front 9

Third Line of defense:
immune system specific
(diversity)

Back 9

can protect against millions of types of antigens using receptors

Front 10

Third Line of defense:
immune system specific
(memory)

Back 10

"acquired immunity"
-can react faster the next time memory cells made by 1 degree response used in 2 degree immune response

Front 11

Third Line of defense:
immune system specific
(self/nonself recognition)

Back 11

self markers called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (HLA in humans) - biochemical fingerprints

Front 12

Third Line of defense:
acquired immunity

Back 12

1) active - through recovery or vaccination
2) passive - transferred from other person

Front 13

Third Line of defense:
immune system responses

Back 13

1) humoral immunity - circulate antibodies against toxins, bacteria, viruses
2) cell-mediated immunity - lymphocytes fight antigens inside host's cells and fungi, protozoa & worms. also, attacks plants and cancer cells

Front 14

Third Line of defense:
Types of Lymphocytes

Back 14

B Cells (bone marrow) - humoral imm.

T Cells (thymus) - cell mediated
-conc. in lymph nodes/spleen
-both contain antigen and produce effector cells

Front 15

Third Line of Defense:
Antibodies

Back 15

Proteins called immunoglobins
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
-y shaped
-attach to antigen's epitope and neutralize active site

Front 16

Third Line of Defense:
Antibodies- monoclonal

Back 16

antibodies from a single cell, all identical, formed by hybridoma technique

immunotoxin- antibody-toxin bullet

Front 17

Third Line of Defense:
blood transfusion

Back 17

type A has antigen A on rbc surface therefore A lysed if in type B person

RH FACTOR- another antigen on rbc antibodies can cross placenta

Front 18

Third Line of Defense:
Grafts & transplants

Back 18

to suppress rejection by Tc:
-need to match MHC of patients & donor
-use drugs to suppress immune system