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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two types of defence mechanisms in the immune system?
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Non specific defence mechanisms
Specific defence mechanisms = immunity |
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In the immune system what is an antigen?
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Anything that creates an immune response.
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Five ways the skin acts in the immune system? Which one?
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Skin = non specific
1. Physical barrier of closely packed keratinised cells 2. Periodic shedding of skin removes microbes 3. Mucus produced by mucous membranes traps microbes and foreign particles 4. Mucocillary escalator moves mucous to the throat where it can be swallowed 5. Hair filter in the nose |
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Six ways the body can flush out substances? Which one?
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Flushing out = non specific
1. Tears: Dilute microbes and stops them settling on eye surface. 2. Saliva, cleanses the oral cavity 3. Perspiration, helps flush microbes from skin surface 4. Vaginal secretions, Moves microbes out of the female body 5. Urine and feces 6. Vomiting and diarrhea |
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Four ways/places antimicrobial substances are produced? Which one?
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Antimicrobial substances = non specific
1. Gastric acid. 2. Tears, saliva, perspiration; contains lysozyme which break down bacteria 3. Sebum; contain fatty acids which inhibit microbe growth 4. Vaginal secretions, slightly acidic to discourage bacterial growth. |
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Five internal lines of defence?
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Internal antimicrobial proteins
Phagocytes Natural killer cells Inflamation Fever |
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What type are interferons?
Produced by? Does what? Types? |
Antimicrobial proteins
Produced by cells infected with a virus Helps stop the replication of viruses within other cells Gamma, alpha and beta |
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What is the complement system?
How many proteins is it made of? What are antimicribial proteins made by? |
A system of antimicrobial proteins that complement other systems.
Made of 30 proteins Made by the liver |
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Are antimicrobial proteins usually active or inactive?
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Antimicrobial proteins are usualy inactive
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4 ways antimicrobial proteins help?
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Cause cytolysis
Promote phagocytosis Contribute to inflammation Prevent excess tissue damage |
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How are antimicrobial proteins in the complement system identified?
How do they act? |
With a letter and number such as C3
Anti microbial proteins in the complement system act in a cascade |
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What are the three stages of the complement system cascade?
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Opsonization - invaders tagged by phagocytes
Mast cells caused to release histamine A series of reactions brings cytolysis |
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Explain cytolysis and what happens?
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It happens in the final stages of the complement system cascade. The final pfive proteins attach to the plasma membrane of the invading pathogen. They form a MAC (membrane attack complex) a channel which extracellular fluid rushes into causing it to burst.
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What are 3 ways the complement system can be activated?
Explain |
Classical - anotbodies bind to attacker and form antibody/antigen complex
Alternative - Direct activation of complement system by lipid-carbohydrate antigens on invading cells Lecithin - macrophages phagocytize invaders releasing chemicals which release lecithins form the liver. Lecithins help activate the complement system. |
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What are phagocytes?
What are they attracted to? Two major types? Connective tissue? Liver? Lungs? Nervous tissue? |
Any cells that do phagocytosis
Attracted to sites of inflamation by chemotaxis Neutrophils and macrophages Connective tissue - histiocytes Liver - kupfer cells Lungs - alveoli cells/dust cells Nervous tissue - microglia |
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What are transferins?
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Iron binding proteins which inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by limiting the available iron the bacteria need to grow. They create a low iron environment.
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Exlain the following:
Chemotaxis Adherance Ingestion |
Chemotaxis - chemicals given off that attract macrophages etc by microbes
Adherence - Binding of phagocyte to target aided by complement Ingestion - Microbe/forein matter engulfed |
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Digestion
Killing |
Digestion - Lysosomes fuse with ingested matter and release lysozyme
Killing - The microbe/forein matter is broken down and destroyed by chemicals and enzymes produced in the phagocyte. |
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Natural killer cells specific or non specific? 4 places present?
How do they work? |
Non specific, blood, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow.
They bind to the target cell and release granules contain protein perforin |
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What does perforin do?
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Perforin inserts into the plasma membrane forming a channel fluid can flow through causing cytolysis. This causes apoptosis.
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Explain phagocytosis in terms of:
C3B complement C3b Receptor Phagosome Lysosomes Phagolysosome Lysozyme |
Complement system does opsonisation adding c3B to invader. Binds to c3B receptor on phagocytes. Engulfed into phagosome. Lysosomes enter release lysozyme. New structure is called phagolysosome. Debri is released by exocytosis
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Interferons cell or protein?
How does it work? What does it attack? Complement? Transferrins? |
Interferons = proteins
Releases chemicals which stop the replication of virus in other cells. Virus Complement = Proteins Work in a cascade, classical, alternative or lecithin then opsonisation, histamine release, cytolysis Transferins = protein, bind to iron making it less available for bacteria. |
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NK cells cell or protein?
How does it work? What does it attack? Phagocytes? |
NK cells = cells
Work by releasing granules containing protein perforin which binds to plasma receptors causing cytolysis. Non specific Phagocytes - cells Works by phagocytosis with help of complement system Attacks anything foreign, bacteria, dead cells |
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5 ways inflamation happens? Clue ACEP?
5 clinical signs? |
Abrasion, chemicals, cell damage, extreme temperatures, pathogens
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function |
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3 simple stages of inflamation?
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1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
2. Phagocytes emigration from the blood and intestitial fluid 3. Tissue repair |
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4 things vasodilation allows in first step of inflamation?
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Immune cells and nutrients to the area
Debris and toxins away from the area |
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3 things increased permeability allows in the first step of inflamation?
What causes the pain associated with inflamation? |
Antibodies, clotting factors and immune cells to the tissue.
Damage to neurons |
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What are the five inflamatory mediators?
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Histamine, kinis, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement
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Leukotrienes produced by what?
Major component of what? Released by? Does what (2)? |
Leukotrienes produced by LOX enzymes
Major component of leukocytes. Released by basophils and mast cells Phagocyte emigration and helps the adherence of phagocytes to pathogens. |
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Histamine produced by?
When usually? |
Histamine produced in response to damaged tissue by basophils and mast cells. Usually as an allergic reaction.
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Two things kinins do?
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Kinins increase vasodilation and permeability
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Prostaglandins released by?
Two things it does? |
Prostaglandins released by damaged cells. Enhances effects of histamine and stimualates emigration of phagocytes.
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What is first seen on the scene of inflamation and followed by what?
What is pus made of? |
Neutrophils first, followed by monocytes and macrophages.
Pus is made from dead phagocytes. |
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What is scar tissue made of? Can be a result of?
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Made of collagen fibres secreted by fibroblasts can be a result of inflamatino
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3 bad things scar tissue can cause?
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Adhesions, fibrosis of thrombus or embolus, shrinkage of tissue.
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Fever is caused when whatthings are released by what?
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Macrophages release cytokines which reset the thermostat in the hypothalamus
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Two types of WBC's in the immune system? Name what are in each one?
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Granular and A granular
Granular: Eosoniphils, basophils, nuetrophils Agranular: T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes |
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3 times neutrophils are released?
How do they work? How long till released? Part of what? 6 things that raise neutrophil count? |
Inflamation, bacteria, burns
Phagocytosis with lysozyme Released within an hour Part of pus Tissue damage, infection, exercise, metabolic disorders, leukemia, smoking |
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3 ways eosinoophils work?
What do they target? 4 things eosinophils do? Remember them? |
Phagocytosis, chemotaxis and spit acid at target
Eosinophils target extra large enemies, and parasites Eosinophils clean up the mess of granulationleft by basophils , eliminate parasites, promote inflamation, migrate to allergic reaction Spit acid at larger enemies |
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What do basophils do and how?
What else do they contain? In tissue? Contribute to? Remember them? |
Promote inflamation with heparin and histamine.
SRSA Mast cells Anyphylaxis Yobos, inflame the situation |
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What are monocytes in blood and tissue called?
5 things they form? How do they work? What increases their numbers? |
Blood = monocytes, tissue = macrophages
Kupffer cells, microglia, dust cells, langerhands cells, histiocytes Phagocytosis Infection |
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What do both monocytes and macrophages produce?
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Cytokines
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Example of a cytokine?
What does this do? (4) |
Interleukin 1
Causes fever, globulin production, T cell activation, stimulates production of progenitor cells |
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What releases cytokines?
What can b lymphocytes be divided into? |
Macrophages
Memory lymphocytes and plasma cells |
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What can T lymphocytes be divided into?
Two things both lymphocytes have? |
Cytotoxic, memory, surpressor, Helper
Memory and specificity (recognise self from non self antigins) |
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Where to T and B cells made and mature?
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T cells made in RB marrow and mature in thymus
B cells made in RB marrow and mature in RB marrow and lymph organs |
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How do T cells contribute? (what type of immunity?
How do B cells contribnute? (what type of immunity? |
T cells attack antigens directly : Cell mediated immunity : phagocytosis
B cells produce antibodies : Antibody mediated immunity. |
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Cell mediated immunity is done by?
Defends against what? (3) |
Cytotoxic T cells
Intracellular pathogens, cancer cells and transplants |
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Antibody mediated immunity is done by?
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Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Defends against extracellar pathogens |
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3 steps to cell mediated immunity.
Why do you get swolen lymph nodes during an infection? |
1.T cells are activated in the thymus.
2.Macrophages and cancer cells give antigen fragments to T cells to sensitize them 3. T cell divides and proliferates into three types, memory, cytotoxic and helper. Dividing and proliferating of T cells. |
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Simply, what do T cytotoxic cells do?
Simply, what do T memory cells do? Simly, what do T helper cells do? |
T cytotoxic cells bind and destroy the antigen
T memory cells remember the antigen for next time, ready to mount a second reaction T helper cells release cytokines which potentise T, B, and NK cells. |
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Two types of cytokines?
What does interleukin 1 do? (4) What does interleukin 2 do? (5) Made by? |
Interleukin 1 and 2
Interleukin 1: Fever, growth and proliferation of progenitor cells, T cell activation and produces globulins. Causes growth, proliferation and activation of NK cells, T and B lymphocytes Produced by T helper cells when they bind to an antigen |
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What is antibody mediated immunity mediated by?
Where are B cells found? |
B cells
B cells are found fixed in lymphoid tissue |
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Once B cells have bonded to an antigen what helps what?
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T helper cells stimulate it to enlarge and divide
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Two types of cells involved in antibody mediated immunity?
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Plasma cells and Memory B cells
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What do plasma cells do?
How many types of antibodies? How long do they live? What helps produce them? |
Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood
They only secrete one type of antibody They are short lived B cells |
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How long do memory B cells live?
What do they do? |
Memory b cells are long lived
The remember antigens for next time, ready to produce more plasma cells |
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What group do antibodies belong to?
What do they do? How do they fit? |
A group of proteins called globulins - immunoglobulins
They bind to antigens forming immune complexes They are highly specific. Fit like a lock and key. |
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5 classes of antibodies?
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Neutralising - neutralise bacterial toxins or prevent virus attachment to cells
Immobolising - Bind to antigens of bacterial cillia or flagela Agglutinating and precipitating - cause antigen carrying matter to agglutinate and stick together making it easier for phagocytes to engulf Activating complement - antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement system Enhancing phagocytosis - acts as a flag to attract phagocytes |
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What do T surpressor cells do?
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They stop the action of immune cells. Without them immune response would never stop.
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What two things is immunological memory made of?
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Long lasting antibodies
Long lasting T and B memory lymphocytes |
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Explain primary response in regards to immunological memory?
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Initially not many cells have specificity to the foreign antigen so response is slow. It can take several days.
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Explain secondary response in regards to immunological memory?
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Secondary response is much faster as thousands of memory cells proliferate and differentiate into T and B cells.
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What is the primary idea behind immunization?
Initial exposure after immunisation causes? Then what? |
Immunological memory
First causes primary response, then secondary response. |
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To function properly what must T cells be able to do? (2)
Where does it learn these things? |
Must be able to recognise the bodies own immune labels (self recognition) and proteins (self tolerence).
They learn these things in the thymus. |
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What happens if T or B cells dont have self recogniition or self tolerence?
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They are screened in the bone marrow or thymus and only 1-5% make ti through the screening process.
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Simple definition of an allergy?
What happens at first exposure? |
A powerful immune response to an allergen (antigen).
first explosure = sensitisation Subsequent exposure = exaggerated immune response |
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Symptoms of an allergy range? (2)
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Mild = runny nose
Extreme = anaphylaxis |
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What is a true food allergy and intolerence?
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A true food allergy affects 2% of adults and 6% of children. It is an IGE mediated immune response that can be triggered by the smallest amount of food.
A food intollerence such as lactose intollerence does not have a defined immune response but causes unpleasant symptoms. |
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With anaphylactic shock, how long is it until the immune system launches a response and how big?
They have inherited high levels of what? |
5-10 minutes until the body has a systemic response to an antigen.
Inherited high levels of IGE |
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With anaphylaxis, what does exposure to an allergen cause IGE's to do?
What does this do? |
Exposure to allergen causes IGE's to activate basophils and mast cells which release histamine.
Causes bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, oedema of tissue |
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Anaphylaxis treated with?
What is an autoimmune condition? |
Treated with an epi pen.
A condition where the immune system fails to display self tolerence and self recognition resulting in attacking own body. |
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4 things that happen in an autoimmune condition?
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Autoantibodies produced
Complement activation Inflamation Tissue damage |
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What is systemic lupus erythematosus? What happens in it and whats affected? (9)
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Autoimmune condition>
Activation of B cells causes increased IGg levels agaisnt DNA, platelets, erythrocytes, nucleic acid and other nuclear materials. Inability to remove immune comlexes resulting in inflamation. Impaired T cell regulation Abnormal cytokine production |
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Classic sign of lupus?
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Butterfly rash
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Key symptom of lupus?
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Butterfly rash
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3 tests for lupus?
Treatment? |
Full blood count
Antinuclear antibody test Rheumatoid factor NSAID's, immunosupressives |
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Rheumatoid arthritis?
What is present in the majoriy of suffers but not all? What is this? What does this do? |
Inflamation of the synovium of all organs except brain
Rheumatoid factor RF is an auto antibody against a portion of IgG Reaction between RF and IgG activates the complmenet causing inflamation and damage |
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What joints are affected first?
A complication? Management? (3) |
Distal joints affected first.
Iritis NSAIDs, steroids, physiotherapy |
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Definition of ankylosing spondylitis?
Gene involved? |
Chronic inflamation of spine and sacroiliac joints leading to spinal fusion and reduced movement.
HLA B27 gene |
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What is hashimotos thyroiditis?
More common in who? |
An organ specific autoimmune condition affection the thyroid gland.
Hashimotos thyroiditis is more common in women than men. |
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What happens in hashimotos thyroiditis?
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High levels of autoantibodies against thyroglobin and thyroid gland cells develop destroying the cells.
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2 types of immune reaction?
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Anyphylactic
Cytotoxic |
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Explain an anyphylactic reaction
3 examples? |
An antigen binds to basophils and mast cells. They degranulate releasing heparin, histamine and SRSA.
Fever, eczema, anyphylaxis |
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Explain a cytotoxic reaction
2 examples? |
A cell expresses a foreign antigen and it binds to an antibody. The foreign cell is now vulnerable to phagocytes.
Autoimmunity, HDN |
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Explain two more types of immune reaction?
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Immune complex mediated
Delayed type |
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Explain immune complex mediated immune reactions?
An example? |
Antigens bind to antibodies forming immune complexes which can then be deposited in the kidneys etc.
An example is glomerulonephritis |
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Explain delayed type immune reactions?
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Macrophages display antigens to T cells which then proliferate.
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