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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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'Age of the Fishes'
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Devonian Period
First appearance in the fossil record |
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Features of the earliest fossils
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Gills
Myomeres Dorsal Fin True Bone Feeding Pump (Buccal-type) Braincase |
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Characteristics of infraphylum Vertebrata
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Dermal Skeleton
Neural Crest -Precursor to gill arches, etc. |
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Divisions of Jawless Fishes
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Cyclostomes - Hagfish and Lamprey
Conodonts (extinct) Ostracoderms (extinct) |
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Conodonta
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Cone shaped teeth
-Similar to modern bone Mineralized tissue -more derived than cyclostomes |
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Ostracoderms
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'Shelled Skin'
Paraphyletic grouping Cerebellum with olfactory bulbs Mouth plates for food crushing Bony head shield |
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Divisions of Ostracoderms
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Pteraspidomorphi
Anaspida Thelodonti Osteotracomorphi |
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Characteristics of Gnathostomes
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Jaws
Paired appendages Endochondral bone Three semicircular canals Dentine-based teeth |
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Divisions of Gnathostomes
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Placodermi (Extinct)
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes |
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Placoderms
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'Plated Skin'
Heavily armored Lacking endochondral bone Lacking true teeth Emergence of head joint |
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Characteristics of Chondrichthyes
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Loss of true bone to cartilage
-Aide in buoyancy Calcification of endoskeletal cartilage Pelvic claspers |
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Division of Chondrichtyes
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Elasmobranchii - 'Plate gill'
Holocephali - 'Whole head' |
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Division of Elasmobranchii
(Divided by Dentition) |
Cladoselachimorpha (extinct)
-Cladodont (large middle cusp) Xenacanthamorpha (extinct) -Pleurocanth (small middle cusp) Euselachia (modern sharks) -Heterodont, tooth whorl |
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Characteristics of Holocephali
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Single opercular opening
Autostylic suspension Tooth plates Diphocercal tail |
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Characteristics of Osteicthyes
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Ossified bone
2-3 otoliths Lateral line canals Ossified operculum Branchiostegal rays |
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Divisions of Osteichthyes
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Acanthodii (extinct)
Sarcopterygii - Lobe finned Actinopterygii - Ray finned |
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Acanthodii
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Shark-like
Cartilaginous skeleton Multiple gill openings Subterminal mouth |
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Sarcopterygii subclass
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Coelocanthimorpha
Dipnoi (Lungfish) |
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Actinopterygii subclass
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Chondrostei
Neopterygii |
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Subclass Chondrostei
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Changes in jaw mechanics
-Increase gap Reduced scales Dermal fin rays Solidified vertebral column Homocercal tail |
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Subclass Neopterygii major divisions
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Order Pachycormiformes
-Extinct, largest fish ever Order Lepisosteiformes -Gar Order Amiiformes -Bowfin Division Teleostei -27 synapomorphies |
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5 Teleostean trends
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Reduction of bony elements
Shift in position and use of dorsal fin Placement and function of paired fins Caudal fin and gas bladder mods Feeding apparatus modifications |
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Division of Modern Elasmobranchs
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Selachii
Batoidea |
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Selachii Characteristics
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Sharks
Gill slits on sides Pectoral fin not attached to cranium Anal present in some Small, lateral spiracles |
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Subdivisions of Selachii
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Carchariniformes
-Ground Shark, Sub/Tropical Lamniformes -Offshore Shark, Great White Squaliformes -Dogfish |
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Which Selachii are most abundant
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Carchariformes
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Batoidea Characteristics
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Skates and Rays
Ventral Gill slits Pectoral fin attached to cranium Anal fin absent Enlarged, dorsal spiracles |
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Subdivisions of Batoidea
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Torpediniformes
-Torpedo Ray Pristiformes -Sawfish Rajiformes -Skates Myliobatiformes -Rays |
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Which 2 Batoidea are most abundant
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Rajiformes
Myliobatiformes |
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Patterns in Neoselachian diversity
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Large in size
Marine habitat Mobility adaptations Slow metabolism and growth Predatory Use of non-visual senses Few, independent young Vulnerability to exploitation |
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Body size adaptions
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Larger size
Beneficial for reproduction and feeding Reduced vulnerability to predation 50% of all sharks >1m |
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Habitat patterns
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Primarily temperate and tropical
Primarily Continental shelves and slope Primarily marine |
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Mobility adaptations
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Reduce energy costs
-heterocercal tail, symmetrical tail, placoid scales, reduced mass Range increases with growth Movement and Migration -Local, Coastal, Oceanic |
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Metabolism and growth adaptations
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Increase energy efficiency
Heat conservation Slow growth Long life spans - 5-70yrs |
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Predatory adaptations
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Carnivorous - Mostly bony fish
Jaw designed for strength vs. suction -Protrusible subterminal mouth Replaceable dentition Electric discharge Filter feeding |
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Non-visual sensory adaptations
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Well developed olfaction
Well developed photoreception -Topidum Lucidom Well developed mechanoreception -Lateral line, hearing Well developed electroreception |
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Reproduction and development adaptations
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Late maturation
Internal fertilization -Use of claspers Copulation -Male bites female Few, well developed young -Young ready to feed, reduced predation Introuteran cannibalism Gestation or egg cases |
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Vulnerability to exploitation
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Duration to maturity prevents sustaining
Over fishing, finning 70 - 80% decline in 40 yrs. |
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Holocephali Characteristics
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Single gill opening
Holostylic jaw suspension Teeth continuously grow Separate genital openings Tenaculae/Tentaculum in males Oviparous Lack scales |
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Tenaculae
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Spines in front of dorsal fin
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Tentaculum
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Clasper-like feature on front of rostrum
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Order Amphioxiformes
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Lancelets
Amphioxus Fish-like Invertebrates |
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Characteristics missing from Amphioxiformes than Chordates
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Acraniate
Notochord extends to anterior region Lack ears, eyes, vertebrae Can have up to 25 pairs of gonads |
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Order Myxiniformes
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Hagfishes
Sister group to all vertebrates Found temperate to deep waters Continuous caudal fin Lack paired fins 1-16 gill openings Produce copious amounts of mucus Partially open circulatory system 4 hearts Isoosmotic Nocturnal scavengers Oviparous |
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Order Petromyzontiformes
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Lampreys
Highest number of diploid chromosomes Mostly cold, freshwater 2 Semicircular canals Spiral intestine Lacks true vertebrae Partially open circulatory system Single heart 1-2 dorsal fins 7 gill openings Freshwater reproduction, males nest Nonparasitic or parasitic |
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Anadromous vs. Catadromous
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Anadromous - Spawn in freshwater, live in marine, reproduce in freshwater
Catadromous - Spawn in marine, live in freshwater, reproduce in marine |
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Superclass Gnathostomata
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Jawed fishes
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Order Coelacanthiformes
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Coelacanth
Diphycercal tail Electroreceptive rostral organ Dorsal introcranial joint Lacks vertebral column Fat and oil filled gas bladder Spiral intestine 15 years for maturity Ovoviviparous |
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Diphycercal tail
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Three lobed fin with vertebrae extending to the end
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Subclass Dipnoi
Order Ceratodontiformes |
Lungfishes
All freshwater Only found in Africa, Australia, S. Amer Range obligate - Facultative air breathers Capable of estivation Lack dentition Male gives parental care |
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Order Polypteriformes
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Bichirs
Obligate air breathers Lobe-like fins Ganoid scales Two gular plates Spiracles Heterocercal tail Spiral valve intestine Dorsal finlets arranged as flagfins Recoil aspiration Only has 4 gill arches |
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Order Acipenseriformes
Family Acipenseridae |
Sturgeons
Restricted to N. Hemisphere 4 barbels on rostrum Five rows of bony scutes Heterocercal tail Single dorsal fin near tail Lack branchiostegal rays Cartilaginous skeleton Protrusibal jaws 5-30 years for maturity |
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Order Acipenseriformes
Family Polyodontidae |
Paddlefishes
Heterocercal tail Unrestricted notochord Cartilaginous skeleton Spiracles Spiral valve intestine Two barbels Lack scutes Filter feeders Electroreceptive rostrum 7-12 years for maturity |
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Order Lepisosteiformes
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Gar
Ossified skeleton Ganoid scales Homocercal tail Constricted, ossified notochord |
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Order Amiiformes
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Bowfin
More derived than Gar Heterocercal tail Spiral valve intestine Cycloid scales Bony head with massive dermal bones Capable of swimming with dorsal fin Freshwater Sharp, conical teeth Dentition on jaw and palate Parental care by male |
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4 major radiations of Teleosts
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Osteoglossomorpha
Elopomorpha Ostarioclupeomorpha Euteleosti |
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Main synapomorphy of Teleosts
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Numerous bones of the tail and skull
Tail has uroneural bones Skull has mobile premaxilla |
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Osteoglossomorpha
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Bony Tongues
Order Hiodontiformes Order Osteoglossiformes |
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Elopomorpha
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Leptocephalus larvae
Order Elopiformes Order Albuliformes Order Anguilliformes Order Saccopharyngiformes |
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Ostarioclupeomorpha
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Order Clupeiformes
Herrings, Sardines, Anchovies |
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Characteristics of Clupeiformes
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Openwater schooling
Otophysic gas bladder Scutes |
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Superorder Ostariophysi
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Weberian apparatus
Alarm system assists in schooling |
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Ostariophysi orders
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Cypriniformes
Characiformes Siluriformes Gymnotiformes |
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Order Cypriniformes
Family Cyprinidae |
Largest order
Development of phyrangeal teeth Development of jaw protrusion Polyploidy |
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Order Cypriniformes
Family Catostomidae |
Suckers
Benthic feeding |
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Order Cypriniformes
Family Cobitidae |
Loaches
Air breathing capability Dorsoventrally compressed Ventral mouths |
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Order Characiformes
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Adipose fin
Well armored mouth Replaceable dentition Ctenoid scales ex. Pirhana |
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Order Siluriformes
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Catfish
Reduction, fusion on skull bones Dentition on palate Adipose fin Spine-like rays with toxicity Lack scales Small eyes Chemosensory barbels Found on all continents |
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Diverse modifications of Siluriformes
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Accessory air breathing capabilities
Terrestrial locomotion Generation of electrical impulses Climbing abilities Jet propulsion Use of lures Mouthbrooding |
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Order Gymnotiformes
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Knifefishes
Most advanced of the Ostariphysi Restricted to C. and S. Amer Modified lateral line organs Electrogenic Electroreceptive Long, compressed bodies Long anal fin Lack dorsal or caudal fin Small eyes |
