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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Osmolarity |
The solute concentration of a solution |
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Osmoregulators |
Animals that maintain a constant internal solute concentration |
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Osmoconformers |
Animals whose internal solute concentration conforms to the concentration of solutes in the environment |
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Afferent arteriole |
Brings blood to the nephron to be filtered (Larger than Efferent!) |
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Efferent arteriole |
Removes blood from the nephron (minus filtered components) |
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Glomerulus |
Capillary tuft where filtration occurs Pressure is Particularly high |
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Bowman's Capsule |
First part of nephron where filtrate is collected |
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
Where selective reabsorption occurs, has many mitochondria and microvilli |
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Loop of Henle (descending and ascending limb) |
Important for establishing a salt gradient in the medulla descending- carries filtrate into the medulla ascending- carries filtrate back to the cortex |
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Distal Convoluted Tubule |
Final site of selective reabsorption (walls have low permeability to water) |
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Collecting Duct |
Feeds into the ureter through the renal pelvis and is where osmoregulation occurs (walls have a low permeability to water) |
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Vasa Recta |
Blood network that reabsorbs components from the filtrate |
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Osmoregulation |
a form of homeostasis whereby the concentration of hemolymph or blood is kept within a certain range (Holds true for water and solutes in the body) in other cases just say "Keeps solutes in balance at an appropriate level" |
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The nitrogenous waste product of digestion is... |
Toxic and needs to be excreted
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Fish excrete... |
Ammonia |
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Mammals excrete... |
Urea |
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Birds, insects and reptiles excrete... |
Uric Acid |
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Kidney's Function |
To filter and cleanse the bloodstream Osmoregulation and excretion |
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Difference between the renal artery and the renal vein... |
The renal artery puts blood into each of the kidneys while the renal vein drains blood away.
Artery- IN Vein- OUT |
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All substances are filtered from blood plasma apart from...
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proteins |
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Nephron |
Basic functional unit of the kidney |
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Sequence in which blood flows (8) |
-Renal artery -Afferent arteriole -Glomerulus -Efferent arteriole -Peritubular capillaries -Vasa Recta -Venules -Renal Vein |
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Peritubular capillaries |
a low pressure capillary that runs across the convoluted tubules and absorbs fluid |
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Vasa Recta |
Descending limb carries blood into the medulla Ascending limb brings it back to the cortex |
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Venules |
Carry blood to the renal vein |
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What is the fluid excreted from the glomerulus called? |
glomerular filtrate |
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Ultrafiltration in the Glomerulus |
-separation of particles differing in size |
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Fenestrations |
gaps in the wall of the capillary which allows fluid to escape (allows transport of substances) |
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The "Basement membrane" |
Covers ad supports the walls of the capillaries and prevents plasma proteins from being filtered out (made of negatively charged glycoproteins) |
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Podocytes |
Create the wall of the nephron lumen, forming the inner wall of the Bowman's Capsule -Help prevent small molecules from being filtered |
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Difference between Glomerular filtrate and Urine... |
Glomerular filtrate has 5.5 kg of glucose. Urine has no glucose |
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Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule... |
Reabsorbs all glucose and amino acids and 80% of water/minerals |
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Sodium ions in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule... |
Move my active transport pump proteins in outer membrane of tubule cells |
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Chloride ions in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule... |
Attracted because of charge gradient to space OUTSIDE of the tubule |
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Glucose in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule... |
co-transported with sodium ions (Na+) into proximal tubule walls |
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Water in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule... |
Transported by Osmosis solutes in filtrate create a solute concentration gradient |
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Ascending Limb in the Loop of Henle |
-Creates a gradient of solute concentration in the medulla (hypertonic) -Sodium ions are pumped into the interstitial fluid -Wall is impermeable to water |
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Descending Limb in the Loop of Henle |
Permeable to water and impermeable to sodium ions -Water is drawn out of the filtrate until it reaches the same concentration as the interstitial fluid |
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Countercurrent multiplier system (Loop of Henle) |
The flow of liquid in opposite directions a steeper solute concentration developed in the medulla |
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Countercurrent system in the vasa recta |
Prevents blood from diluting the solute concentration of the medulla -allows water removed from filtrate to be carried out |
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Loop of Henle Length |
The longer the Loop of Henle the more water volume is reclaimed. Animals adapted to dry habitats have thicker medullas and longer loops of Henle |
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Filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule is... |
HYPOTONIC |
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When a large volume of urine is produced... |
-Hypothalamus detects too high solute concentration -Pituitary gland secretes a hormone -ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) activates -ADH causes walls to become MORE PERMEABLE TO WATER -Osmosis occurs in the medulla |
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When ADH is present vs not present |
Present- Urine volume relatively high (water stays in urine) Not Present- Only small volume of water stays in urine (Much less urine produced) |
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Out of Proteins, Glucose and Urea which are NOT present in the glomerular filtrate? |
Proteins |
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Out of Proteins, Glucose and Urea which are NOT present in Urine |
Proteins and Glucose |
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Diabetes |
Blood sugar is not being regulated properly Some of the abnormal amounts of glucose in a patient appears in the urine |
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Urine |
The fluid produced by the kidneys which consists of water and dissolved waste products |
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The total volume of water eliminated in urine depends on... |
-Volume of water ingested -Perspiration rate -Ventilation rate |
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Dehydration |
When more water leaves the body than comes in |
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Consequences of Dehydration |
-Disruption of metabolic processes -Darkened urine -Tiredness -Blood pressure fall -Increased heart rate |
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Overhydration |
An over-consumption of water |
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Over hydration results and symptoms |
-Dilution of blood solutes -Body fluids are hypotonic -Swelling of cells -Headache and nerve function disruption |
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Hypertonic |
A solution which has a greater solute concentration than the cytosol |
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Hypotonic |
A solution having less solute concentration than the cytosol |
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Kidney Failure Causes |
Diabetes or chronic high blood pressure |
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Treatment Options for Kidney Failure |
Renal Dialysis or kidney transplant |
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Renal Dialysis |
Blood passes over an artificial semi-permeable membrane in the dialysis machine -Purified blood is returned to the patient via a vein |
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Kidney Transplant (pros and cons) |
Advantage- greater independence of movement Disadvantage- Rejection of organ |
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Urinalysis |
Examination of urine for any deviation from normal composition Test strip changes color to negative a positive or negative result |
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Urinalysis Tests Indicate... |
pH, protein level, and glucose level |
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High levels of glucose and proteins in urine mean that... |
The patient has diabetes |
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High protein levels mean that... |
The patient has damaged kidneys |
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Panel Drug test |
Based on monoclonal antibody technology look for presence of drugs in the urine |
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Presence of erythrocytes mean that... |
The patient has a kidney stone or tumor in the urinary tract |
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Presence of white blood cells mean that... |
The patient has a urinary tract infection |
