Human Sexuality Quiz 2

Front 1

Define sex

Back 1

the biological aspect of a person, usually involving chromosomal, anatomical, reproductive, and hormonal characteristics.

Front 2

Define social sex

Back 2

announced at birth and subsequently used to categorize a person as either male or female (a label)

Front 3

Define gender

Back 3

refers to "the widely shared expectations and norms within a society about appropriate male and female behaviour, characteristics, and roles"

Front 4

Define gender identity

Back 4

refers to self-identified gender

Front 5

During which psychosexual stages do children not have a gender identity?

Back 5

the oral and anal stages

Front 6

During which psychosexual stage is the gender identity/role acquired?

Back 6

the phallic stage

Front 7

According to the psychodynamic theory, focus of the ______ moves to the genitals and the development of girls and boys diverges.

Back 7

libido

Front 8

According to the social learning theory, how are gender identity and roles developed?

Back 8

they are behaviours learned from the environment

Front 9

According to the social learning theory, how are gender behaviours learned?

Back 9

through observational learning

Front 10

Social _______ and _______ increase the likelihood that children will reproduce 'socially acceptable' gender behaviours.

Back 10

rewards and punishments

Front 11

What does the cognitive-developmental theory of gender emphasize?

Back 11

cognitive processes

Front 12

According to the cognitive-developmental theory, how do children make sense of gendered information?

Back 12

it develops and changes over time (ie. developmentally)

Front 13

List and describe Kohlberg's stages of gender development

Back 13

Age 2: gender identity - ability to correctly label one's own sex
Age 4: gender stability - realizes that gender remains constant over time but confused by external features (eg. clothing, boys cooking/girls boxing -> gender's switched)
Age 7: gender consistency - begins to understand that gender is independent of external features

Front 14

The gender schema theory focuses on:

Back 14

the role of cognitive organization in addition to socialization

Front 15

Define gender schema

Back 15

an unchallenged or core belief about how people act in gendered ways.

Front 16

How do children learn gender schemas?

Back 16

learn how their cultures and/or societies define gender roles

Front 17

Dominant Western society adheres to a ______ gender ______

Back 17

rigid, binary/dichotomy

Front 18

Gender is a _______ determined set of _______ appropriate for males and females to enact.

Back 18

socially, practices/performances/behaviours

Front 19

What impact has the construction of female and male sexualities had within the social system?

Back 19

negative impacts on all dimension of health (physically, emotionally, spiritually, mentally, etc)

Front 20

What is the film about transgendered women in male prisons called?

Back 20

Cruel and Unusual

Front 21

What are the male sex chromosomes?

Back 21

XY

Front 22

What are the female sex chromosomes?

Back 22

XX

Front 23

When does differentiation of the sex organs occur?

Back 23

during the 7th week after conception/gestation

Front 24

What is TDF?

Back 24

Testis-Determining Factor. a gene on the Y chromosome that causes testis to develop

Front 25

How many genes are involved in sexual differentiation?

Back 25

six

Front 26

What are the two ducts in the rudimentary reproductive system?

Back 26

Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

Front 27

What does the Mullerian duct develop into?

Back 27

fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina

Front 28

What does the Wolffian dut develop into?

Back 28

epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct

Front 29

Homologous sex organs:
1. glans of penis
2. foreskin of penis
3. shaft of penis
4. scrotal sac
5. testes
6. prostate gland
7. Cowper's gland

Back 29

1. glans of clitoris
2. hood of clitoris
3. labia minora
4. labia majora
5. ovaries
6. Skene's glands
7. Bartholin's glands

Front 30

Homologous sex organs:
1. glans of clitoris
2. hood of clitoris
3. labia minora
4. labia majora
5. ovaries
6. Skene's glands
7. Bartholin's glands

Back 30

1. glans of penis
2. foreskin of penis
3. shaft of penis
4. scrotal sac
5. testes
6. prostate gland
7. Cowper's gland

Front 31

There are more ______ in the male and female sex organs than ______

Back 31

similarities, differences

Front 32

Describe how undifferentiated genitals develop into female gonads?

Back 32

The Wolffian ducts degenerate, Mullerian ducts develop, tubercle develops into external genitalia.

Front 33

Describe how undifferentiated genitals develop into male gonads?

Back 33

Secretion of anti-Mullerian hormone, Mullerian ducts degenerate, Wolffian ducts develop, tubercle develops into external genitalia.

Front 34

What are the nine variables of gender?

Back 34

1. Chromosomal Gender - XX,XY, or some variation
2. Gonadal Gender - testis, ovaries, or some variation
3. Prenatal Hormonal Gender - testosterone and anti-Mullerian
4. Brain hormonalization - testosterone for masculinization
5. Internal accessory organs - fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina, prostate and seminal vesicles
6. External genital appearance - clitoris, labia, vaginal opening, penis, and scrotum
7. Pubertal hormonal gender - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
8. Assigned gender - announced at birth, based on genitals, provides a gender role
9. Gender identity - personal, private sense of maleness or femaleness

Front 35

Define intersexuality

Back 35

a person born with sex chromosome, external genitalia, or an internal reproductive system that is not considered "standard" for either male or female.

Front 36

What is AIS?

Back 36

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrom... genetically male, but appears female

Front 37

What is the cause of AIS?

Back 37

body cells of genetic males are unable to respond normally to testosterone.

Front 38

What are the typical characteristics of AIS?

Back 38

the infant has genitals of "normal" female appearance, un-descended or partially descended testes. usually a short vagina (or nearly absent) with no cervix. at puberty, estrogen produced by the testes produces breast growth, though it may be late. "she" does not menstruate, and is not fertile.

Front 39

What is CAH?

Back 39

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia... genetic female with masculine genitals

Front 40

What is the cause of CAH?

Back 40

an accumulation of excess androgens causes the masculinization of the genitals of a genetic female.

Front 41

What are the typical characteristics of CAH?

Back 41

female infant born with ambiguous genitalia:
large clitoris, rugated and partially fused labia majora. a common urogenital sinus in place of a separate urethra and vagina. the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are 'normally' formed varying severity of other physiological affects.

Front 42

Who was the intersexed person who was allowed to vote in the 1843 election in Salisbury?

Back 42

Levi Suydam

Front 43

What are the three major subgroups of intersexed individuals?

Back 43

1. true hermaphrodites (one testis, one ovary)
2. male pseudohermaphrodites (testes and some female genitals but no ovaries)
3. female pseudohermaphrodites (ovaries and some male genitals but no testes)

Front 44

An intersexed child is born two in every _______ births

Back 44

10,000

Front 45

The American Plains Indians once assigned the social status of ______ to men who did not have the skill or interest for typically masculine pursuits.

Back 45

berdache

Front 46

In India, a third gender called ______ includes elements of both female and male roles, and are considered sacred.

Back 46

hijra

Front 47

The Sambia tripe in Papua New Guinea, assigned the name _______ to individuals whose genitals appear to be female but who will eventually develop male secondary sex characteristics.

Back 47

kwolu-aatmwol

Front 48

Describe genetic sex

Back 48

when fertilization occurs, a genetic map is established that will lead to expressions of maleness and femaleness

Front 49

Describe gonadal sex

Back 49

the development of gonads (either testes or ovaries) produce hormones that effect sexual development

Front 50

Describe body sex

Back 50

the anatomical internal and external sex organs that become apparent in the individual

Front 51

Describe brain sex

Back 51

how the brain is sexually differentiated. "male-type" and "female-type" behaviours

Front 52

Gender roles may become ________

Back 52

self-fulfilling prophecies

Front 53

Sexual differentiation at the genetic level begins at:

Back 53

fertilization

Front 54

Human gametes each contain ___ chromosomes

Back 54

23

Front 55

What is the SRY gene?

Back 55

sex-determining region of Y. it determines whether testes or ovaries will develop in the fetus

Front 56

What is DAX-1?

Back 56

the region of the gene that likely determines sex on the X chromosome

Front 57

What is the H-Y antigen?

Back 57

the chemical agent that helps transform the fetal gonads into testes

Front 58

Until the ____ week of life, the external genitals are indistinguishable as male or female.

Back 58

eighth

Front 59

By the _____ week of development, the male or female sex organs are clearly distinguishable.

Back 59

twelfth

Front 60

Development of the testes, scrotum, and penis require the presence of _____________

Back 60

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Front 61

Define fetally androgenized female

Back 61

a condition in which hormones administered during pregnancy caused chromosomally female fetuses to have masculinized genitals and perhaps of later behavioural patterns.