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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland + Cowpers Gland |
Produce fluid Fluid+ sperm = semen Fluid nourishes sperm Medium for transport |
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Where does meiosis occur in the Male Reproductive System? |
Testes |
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Function of Testes |
- Produces sperm (meiosis) - Produces hormones (testosterone) |
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What gland is testosterone produced in Male Reproductive System? |
Testes |
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Function of Urethra |
Carries sperm (semen) out of body |
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Function of Penis |
Used to place sperm (semen) in female |
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Function of Sperm Ducts/ Vas Deferens |
Transport sperm from testes to urethra |
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Function of Epididymis |
Stores sperm Sperm matures here |
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Function of Scrotum |
Holds testes outside the body More suitable temp. for sperm production (35°C) |
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Male Reproductive Hormones |
Testosterone, FSH, LH |
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Type of Gland Testes is? |
Exocrine AND endocrine |
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Function of Testosterone |
Production of Sperm + secondary sexual characteristics |
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What does FSH stand for? |
Follicle stimulating hormone |
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Gland FSH is produced in? |
Pituitary |
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Function of FSH in Male Reproductive System |
Stimulates the production of sperm |
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What does LH stand for? |
Lutheinising hormone |
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Gland LH produced in? |
Pituitary |
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Function of LH in Male Reproductive System |
Stimulates the production of Testosterone |
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Define Secondary Sexual Characteristics |
Features of traits other than the reproductive organs that distinguish males from females (develop during puberty) |
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Males |
Voice deepens Facial + body hair Increase muscle mass Broad shoulders |
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Females |
Hips widen Increase in body fat Menstrual cycle Development of breasts Growth of underarm + pubic hair |
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Function of acrosome? |
Part of Sperm. Contains enzymes for digesting egg membrane. |
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Function of Uterus |
Holds baby during pregnancy |
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Function of Fallopian Tube |
Site of fertilisation (transport egg from ovary to uterus) |
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Site of Insemination in Female Reproductive System |
Cervix |
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What is the cervix? |
Opening of uterus |
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What is the vagina? |
Birth canal |
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Site of Implantation in Female Reproductive System |
Endometrium |
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Site of Meiosis in Female Reproductive System |
Ovary |
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Function of Ovary |
Produces eggs Produces hormones |
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Define fertilisation |
The fusion of the egg (n) + sperm (n) to form a zygote (2n) |
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Define Implantation |
The embedding of the embryo into the endometrium |
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Define ovulation |
Release of the egg from ovary (Day 14) |
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Female Reproductive Hormones |
FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone |
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Where is FSH produced? |
Pituitary Gland |
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Where is LH produced? |
Pituitary Gland |
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Where is Oestrogen produced? |
Ovary |
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Where is Progesterone produced? |
Ovary |
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Function of FSH in femal Reproductive System |
Stimulates production of eggs |
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Function of LH in Female Reproductive System |
Stimulates ovulation |
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Function of Oestrogen |
Causes thickening of endometrium + development of secondary sexual characteristics |
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Function of Progesterone |
Keeps endometrium built up |
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Define menstrual cycle |
Approximate 28 day series of events that prepares the woman's body for pregnancy |
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When does Menstrual Cycle start? |
At puberty |
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When does Menstrual Cycle end? |
Menopause |
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Define Menstruation |
The shedding of the endometrium from the body (Days 1-5) |
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What hormone is released in Day 1-5 of Menstrual cycle which causes development of Graafian Follicle? |
FSH |
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What hormone does Graafian Follicle release in Day 6-13 of Menstrual Cycle? |
Oestregen |
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Function of Oestrogen in Day 6-13 of Menstrual Cycle |
Build endometrium back up Inhibits FSH preventing further eggs developing |
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When does Oestrogen spike during Menstrual Cycle and what does this stimulate ? |
Day 6-13: just before Ovulation, stimulating production of LH |
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What occurs around Day 14 of Menstrual Cycle? |
Ovulation |
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What is Ovulation caused by in Day 14 of Menstrual Cycle? |
LH |
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What does Graafian Follicle change into at Day 14 of Menstrual Cycle? |
Corpus Luteum (Yellow body) |
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What secretes Progesterone at Day 14 of Menstrual Cycle? |
Corpus Luteum |
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Define Fertile Period |
Time during Menstrual Cycle when woman is likely to get pregnant (egg is most likely to get fertilised) |
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Function of Progesterone at Day 14-28 of Menstrual Cycle |
Maintains endometrium Inhibits LH + FSH preventing further eggs from developing |
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What causes menstruation to begin again? |
FSH + LH drop - > corpus luteum breaks down - > Progesterone levels drop - > menstruation begins again |
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Name Menstrual Disorder |
Endometriosis |
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Define Copulation |
Sexual intercourse |
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Sexual Arousal in Males |
Penis becomes erect |
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Sexual Arousal in Females |
Secretion of mucus by vagina wall |
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Define Ejaculation |
Release of semen from penis at cervix of female |
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Define Fertilization |
Fusion of egg + sperm to form a zygote (diploid) |
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Describe journey of Sperm after ejaculation |
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Sperm survival time in female |
0 - 5 days |
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Egg survival time |
1 - 2 days |
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Define Infertile |
Inability to get pregnant (to produce gametes/to conceive) |
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Infertility in Males (What, Cause, Treatment...) |
Low sperm count Cause: smoking/drugs/excessive alcohol Treatment: change in diet i.e. Stop smoking, drinking IVF |
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Infertility in Females (What, Causes, Treatment...) |
Failure to ovulate Cause: Hormone imbalance Treatment: Hormone drugs IVF |
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Define IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) |
Fusion of egg + sperm outside body |
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Define Implantation |
The embedding of the embryo into endometrium |
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Define Morula |
Solid ball of cells formed from zygote undergoing mitosis |
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Define Blastocyst |
Fluid filled ball of cells formed from morula undergoing mitosis |
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What part of blastocyst forms embryo? |
Inner mass of cells |
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Function of trophoblast layer in blastocyst |
Forms placenta, chorion layer, amnion membrane |
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What moves morula down fallopian tube? |
Cilia + peristalsis |
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What is formed by week 4 of pregnancy? |
Heart, blood vessels + nervous system |
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What is formed by week 5 of pregnancy? |
Internal organs |
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What is formed by week 6 of pregnancy? |
Limbs + sense organs |
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What is formed at 8 weeks of pregnancy? |
Fœtus (organs formed, tail gone, muscle + bones develop) |
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What is formed at 12 weeks of pregnancy? |
Fœtus complete, can distinguish gender |
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What does the placenta consist of? |
Endometrium of mother Embryonic/Chorionic tissue of baby (from trophoblast layer) |
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Functions of Placenta |
- Exchange substances between mom + child - Protective barrier - Produces hormones |
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Substances exchanged between mother + child in placenta |
- Nutrients, oxygen, antibodies + minerals pass from mom to child - Carbon dioxide, urea + excess water from child to mother |
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Placenta is protective barrier against... |
- Mother's blood pressure - Mother's immune system (could see foetus as foreign) - Prevents mother + child's blood from mixing E.g. Different blood types |
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Placenta is what type of gland? |
Endocrine gland |
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Hormones produced by Placenta |
Progesterone and Oestrogen |
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What do Progesterone + Oestrogen in Placenta help with? |
- Maintain endometrium - Prevents ovulation - Prepare breasts for milk production |
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What is amnion (amniotic sac)? |
Thin membrane that surrounds embryo + secretes amniotic fluid |
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What is amniotic fluid? |
Liquid in amnion that cushions embryo (absorbs shock) and maintains temperature (homeostasis) |
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Define germ layers |
Group of cells in embryo that give rise to specific tissues (organs) |
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What does ectoderm form? |
Skin, hair, nails, nervous system |
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What does mesoderm form? |
Skeletal, Reproductive, Circulatory Systems |
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What does endoderm form? |
Gut, liver, pancreas |
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What is the gestation period of humans? |
38 weeks (9 months) |
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What happens in stage 1 of Labour? |
Contractions of uterus wall, cervix dilates (widens) Water breaks - amniotic sac bursts releasing amniotic fluid |
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What happens in stage 2 of Labour? |
Baby pushed head first out of vagina Umbilical cord clamped + cut |
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What happens in Stage 3 of Labour? |
Afterbirth - placenta is passed out |
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Hormones involved in labour and what they do for labour |
Progesterone + Oestrogen levels drop just before labour - > uterus walls contract |
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What releases oxytoxin? |
Pituitary gland |
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Function of oxytoxin |
Stimulates uterus contractions Stimulates breasts to secrete milk |
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What releases Prolactin? |
Pituitary gland |
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Function of Prolactin |
Causes production of milk after birth |
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Define lactation |
Secretion of milk by mammary glands of female |
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What's produced in 1st few days after birth before milk? |
Colostrum |
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What's special about colostrum? |
Less fat, more minerals, protein + antibodies than milk |
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Benefits of Breastfeeding |
- Correct nutrients + temperature for baby - Provides antibodies (builds baby's immune system) - Less risk of infection to baby (no bottles to sterilise) - Mother - baby bonding - Helps mother recover quicker from pregnancy - Reduce risk of breast cancer |
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Define Birth Control |
Methods taken to limit no. Of children being born |
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Define Abortion |
Termination of a pregnancy |
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Define Contraception |
Deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy |
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Types of Birth control |
Natural, Mechanical (physical barriers), chemical (spermicides or hormones) and Surgical |
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Examples of Natural Birth control |
Abstinence/ avoid sexual intercourse around fertile period (monitor rhythms - temperature, mucous, past cycles, etc.) |
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Purpose + Examples of Mechanical Birth Control |
Aim to prevent sperm reaching egg E.g. Condoms, diaphragms (in Females) |
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Examples of Chemical Birth Control |
- The "pill" (contains Oestrogen + Progesterone - > prevents ovulation) - Implants i.e. Rod or bar - Morning after pill - spermicide
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Examples of Surgical Birth Control |
Females: tubal ligation (cutting or tying of Fallopian tubes) Males: Vasectomy ( sperm Ducts cut or tied) |
