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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue Perfusion |
Adequate blood flow to meet tissue demands for oxygen and nutrients |
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Animals can survive without a cardiovascular system if they are.... |
small, porress, or flat |
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The _______ valve prevents backflow into the left atrium. |
bicuspid |
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Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
tricuspid |
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Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid vavle |
mitral |
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Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
pulmonary semilunar |
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Located between left ventricle and aorta |
aortic semilunar |
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Why do we have a four chambered heart? |
high metabolic rate |
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Valve function? |
to prevent backflow |
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Regurgitation |
back flow |
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The aortic valve prevents backflow of blood from the _____ to the ______. |
Aorta; left ventricle |
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The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow of blood from the ______ to the _______. |
Pulmonary arteries; right ventricle |
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The bicuspid (mitral) valve prevents backflow of blood from the ______ to the _______. |
Left ventricle; left atrium |
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The tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve prevents backflow of blood from the ______ to the ________. |
Right ventricle; right atrium |
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What passively opens and closes cardiac valves? |
Pressure and flow |
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Small muscle masses attached to thechordae tendineae are the________. |
papillary muscle
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chordae tendinea
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thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
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Insufficiency
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failure of a valve to close properly, the valve is incompetent, causes regurgitation
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Stenosis
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narrowing of cardiac valve
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Murmur
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abnormal heart sound that occurs in insufficient valve or stenosed valves due to turbulence.
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plateau
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long period of depolarization that results in a long refractory period. as shown on graph
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Why does the heart not undergo frequency summation
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long refractory period
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Pacemaker |
are alf the heart with the highest auto rhythmic rate, due to the functional syncytium nature of the heart it sets the heart rate.
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Tachycardia
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HR>100
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Bradycardia
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HR<60
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Sinoatrial node
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The area of the heart that initiates a heartbeat, and occurs in the posterior wall of the right atrium
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usually has a 1/10th of a second delay A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart.
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atrioventricular node
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When do papillary muscles contract
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systole |
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Consists of anterior, middle and posterior divisions that distribute electrical impulses generated by the SA node throughout the right and left atria to the AV node.
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Internodal Pathways
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a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the right and left bundle branches than to the ventricles causing them to contract
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bundle of his
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these spread widely throughout ventricles beneath endocardium in the myocardium and cause ventricular contraction
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perkinje fibers
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Vagus nerve |
cranial nerve ten that contributes to parasympathetic activity on the heart
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A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node
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ectopic beat |
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arhythmia
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an irregularity in the heartbeat
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a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker), which causes a pause then a large beat
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premature ventricular contraction
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Systole |
contraction phase
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Diastole |
fill phase |
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Lub |
closing of atrioventricular valves sound |
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Dup |
closing of semilunar valves sound |
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QRS complex |
ventricular depolarization causes what EKG wave
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P wave |
atrial depolarization on EKG causes what wave
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T wave |
ventricular repolarization wave on EKG
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when pressure in the right ventricle exceeds pressure in the right atrium the __________ valve shuts
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tricuspid |
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when pressure in the left ventricle exceeds pressure in the left atrium the __________ valve shuts
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mitral |
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when pressure in the aorta exceeds pressure in the left ventricle the ______________ valve shuts
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aortic semilunar |
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when pressure in the pulmonary arteries exceeds pressure in the right ventricle the _____________ valve shuts
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pulmonary |
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The tricuspid valve closes when the pressure in the _______ exceeds the pressure in the _________.
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right ventricle; right atrium |
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The mitral valve closes when the pressure in the _______ exceeds the pressure in the _________.
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left ventricle; left atrium |
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The aortic semilunar valve closes when the pressure in the _______ exceeds the pressure in the _________.
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aorta; left ventricle |
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The pulmonary valve closes when the pressure in the _______ exceeds the pressure in the _________.
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pulmonary arteries; right ventricle |
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Cardiac Output |
volume of blood pumped by heart/min CO=HRXSV
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the difference between the max cardiac output and the resting cardiac output. If you are in good shape you will change stroke volume to increase cardiac output, if you are in bad shape you will increase heart rate.
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Cardiac Reserve |
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within limits increased end diastolic volume causes increased force of contraction and stroke volume.
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Starlings Law |
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myocardium
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heart muscle |
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endocardium
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inner lining of the heart |
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epicardium
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outer layer of the heart |
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pericardial sac
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membrane around the heart |
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prolapse
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av valve or other slides out of place
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absolute refractory period
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period of absolutely no electrical stimulation
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Separates the right and left atrium form the right and left ventricles.
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atrioventricular septum
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bring blood to the heart muscle
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Coronary arteries |
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Part of the cardiac cycle that occurs between the closure of the semilunar valves and the opening of the Atrioventricular valves. Because the semilunar valves are closed and the AV valves are not open there is a dramatic fall in ventricular pressure without a change in the ventricles volume.
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isovolumetric ventricular contraction
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The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
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absolute refractory period |
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occurs during diastole
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ventricular filling
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synonymous with end diastolic volume.
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preload |
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a function of aortic pressure, it is the pressure the left ventricle has to work against to eject blood into the aorta.
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afterload |
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Where is most of the resistance to flow
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capillaries and arterials
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primary causes of high blood pressure
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high blood volume, high cardiac output, peripheral resistance
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difference between end diastolic volume and systolic volume
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Stroke volume |
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atropine
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blocks muscarinic receptors
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propanolol
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blocks adrnergic B receptors
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Pulse rate |
beats per minute |
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systolic pressure-diastolic pressure
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Pulse pressure |
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small pulse pressure is called
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Thready pulse |
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big pulse pressure is called
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Bounding pulse |
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first to measure blood pressure
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Stephen Hales |
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MAP |
mean arterial pressure calculated by MAP=Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
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What causes the increased strength of contraction in cardiac muscle stimulated by a nerve
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amount of calcium released |
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Intraventricular pressure rises, the semilunar valves are forced open, and blood is ejected from the ventricles into the pulmonary arteries and aorta
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Ejection phase |
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also called dicrotic notch, it is the brief dip in pressure when the aortic valve closes due to flow back of blood ass the aortic valve closes
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Insicura |
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Serum |
fluid portion of blood |
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The most abundant proteins in blood plasma, and carry FA
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Albumins
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fibrinogen
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plasma protein that helps in clotting |
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Globulin |
plasma protein similar to albumin
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An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
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hemoglobin |
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undifferentiated class that give rise to all blood cells can differentiate to lymphoid or myloid stem cells
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pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
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differentiated amyloid stem cells that are produced in Red bone marrow and function to carry o2 on their hemoglobin protein, they have lost their cellular organelles
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erythrocytes
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reticulocyte
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young erythrocyte that still contains some ribosomes
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Serum |
Clear fluid portion of blood that remains after coagulation
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formed from clipping off of megakaryocyte they function in blood clotting
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Platlets |
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WBC involved in immune defense they include neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, lymphocytes and magakaryocytes
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leukocyte
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non specific phagocytic cells that leave blood during inflammation
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neutrophils
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Defensins |
antimicrobial peptides from neutrophils
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found in BLOOD they are for parasites they can secrete toxic chemicals or phagocytose
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Eosinophils
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precursor of macrophages
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monocytes |
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Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream, present antigen, secrete cytokines, and activate helper t cells.
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macrophages |
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A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine and heparin
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Basophil |
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A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. The small lymphocytes bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses. There are two main classes of small lymphocyte—B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Large granular lymphocytes are natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity.
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Lymphocytes |
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Enormous cells in the bone marrow that release packets of cytoplasm (platelets) into the circulating blood.
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megakaryocytes
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Starling's law
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more filling = more contraction
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karotkoff sound
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sounds heard through the stethoscope when taking blood pressure of tapping
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auscultation
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Listening with a stethoscope
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Cardiac regulatory center
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Medulla Oblongata |
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Cells that are sensitive to blood pressure changes. located in the coronary sinus and aorta
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Baroreceptor |
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where baroreceptors are located
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Coronary Sinus |
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preoduces adrenocorticotropic hormones mineracorticodes, glucocorticoids, and some sex hormones
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Adrenal cortex |
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increases fluid retention in Kidney and contributes to an increase in BP
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ADH |
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produces catacholamines that increase the heart rate therefore the cardiac output
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Adrenal Medulla |
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increases fluid retention and salt saving from the adrenal Cortex
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Aldosterone |
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non active form of angiotensin produced in the liver that is activated by renin form the kidneys
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Angiotensinogen
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Renin |
An enzyme secreted by the kidney cells when blood pressure decreases. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
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Converting Enzyme |
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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causes vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone levels.
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Angiotension II |
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persistant elevation of systemic arterial pressure 140/90 mmHg
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Hypertension |
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hypertension of unknown etiology
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essential (primary) hypertension
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result of some disease of nervous endocrine or renal systems such as hyperaldosteronism, and kidney disease
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Secondary Hypertension |
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less than 100 mmHg systolic pressure, causes lack of tissue perfusion low vitality increased fatigue and syncope
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Hypotension |
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Syncope |
fainting due to lack of cerebral blood flow |
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Orthostatic Hypotension |
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
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Just enough Blood pressure to live
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60/40 |
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Circulatory Shock |
generalized inadequate tissue perfusion
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Hypovolemic Shock |
not enough blood volume usually do to hemorrhagic shock
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Cardiogenic Shock |
shock caused by pump failure
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Septic Shock |
shock caused by expansion of capillaries due to infection
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Heart Failure |
failure of the heart to pump adequatly, causes blood to accumulate upstream of the infected ventricle
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failure of the LV causes what kind of edema
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pulmonary edema
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failure of the right ventricle causes
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systemic edema
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Congestive heart failure |
more congestion due t fluid saving mechanism to promote increase in blood pressure, a vicious cycle.
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Ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
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contractility
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arteriosclerosis
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Hardening of the arteries
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ischemia
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Loss of blood supply
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Infarction |
death of tissue due to lack of blood
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Lymphatic system functions
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conservation of plasma proteins, defense against pathogens, lipid absorption.
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Pathogens |
Disease causing agents
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are permeable to all interstitial fluids and are the first lymphatic vessel they don't have other vessels flowing to them.
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Lymph Capillary |
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for veins and lymph vessels the contraction of skeletal muscle causes pressure to be applied to the vessel and movement of fluid toward the heart.
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Skeletal Muscle Pumping |
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assists blood/lymph flow to thoracic cavity from abdomenal cavity due to negative pressure in thorax and positive and abdomen.
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Respiratory Pumping |
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An immune organ located near the heart. THe thymus is the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents.
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Thymus |
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form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system upper throat
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Tonsils |
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located along the sides of the neck
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cervical lymph nodes |
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mammary plexus
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lymph around breast |
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Drains the legs, abdominal area, and left side of the body into the left subclavian V.
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Thoracic Duct |
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Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
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Right lymphatic duct |
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Collecting reservoir for intestinal and lumbar trunks, lower body, perineum and abdominal cavity. Drains into thoracic duct.
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cisterna chyli
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located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen lymph nodes
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inguinal lymph node |
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thrombosis
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clotting of blood from inactive muscles
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damaged valves allow blood back flow and pooling cause this type of vein
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Vericose Veins |
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self regulatory movement of fluid in lymph vessels is done by______ in lining.
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smooth muscle |
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Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation
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lymph nodes |
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The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
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Metastasis |
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a little bit of cancer that has spread to the margin, did not get into lymphatic system.
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Marginal invasion |
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Elephantiasis |
edema due to worms from mosquitoes in inguinal lymph nodes.
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an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system.
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Spleen |
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Enlargement of the spleen due to mononucleosis, or liver failure.
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splenomegaly
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Immunity |
defense against pathogens, removal of dead and damaged cells, and surveillance of immune system.
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return of blood it is equal to the stroke volume
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Venous return |
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Innate Immunity |
General, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, lysozyme, and complement.
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Acquired Immunity |
Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
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type of immunity that involves antibodies formed during direct exposure to a pathogen
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natural active acquired immunity
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An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
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passive acquired immunity
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The immunity possessed by a person who has had and recovered from a disease:
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natural active acquired immunity
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What kind of immunity is given by vaccination?
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artificial active acquired immunity
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consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person (i.e. maternal immunity)
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passive natural acquired immunity
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consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person (i.e. immune globulin therapy)
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passive artificial acquired immunity
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Salk |
discovered a vaccine for polio of the killed form
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Sabin |
developed oral vaccine (attenuated) for polio
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Colostrum |
a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
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Gammaglobulin
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injected or preformed, most IgG antibodies from other individuals
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A defence mechanism to destroy body cells that are infected with viruses, bacteria and fungi, helminths or diseased cancer cells. Involves T Cells.
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Cell Mediated Immunity |
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The production of antibodies by plasma cells in response to an antigen. Also called humoral immunity.
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Antibody Mediated Immunity |
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sensitized lymphocytes attack this lung disease creating pathogen
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Mycobacterium Turberculosis
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plant that causes cell mediated response
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Poison Ivy |
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what does b cell stand for
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bursa of fabricus
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immunologically recognizable chemical grouping
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Antigen |
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foreignness
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non-self |
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immunocompetence
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the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances
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Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
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haptens |
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Antibodies |
proteins from plasma cells and attack a specific or closely related antigen
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What is the only Ig that crosses the placenta?
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IgG |
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IgE |
immunoglobulin for allergins, and parasites
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A chemical released by the mast cell during an inflammatory response that causes the blood vessels to dilate
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histamine |
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function of an antibody: a process of building the "MAC" makes protein donuts holes int the cell membrane
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compliment fixation |
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CD8 |
cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells by producing killing factor
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CD4 |
promote inflammation and phagocytosis and help CD8 cells figure out what to kill
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Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure.
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Primary Immune Response |
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Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.
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Secondary Immune response |
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upon second encounter with same pathogen immune system mounts a faster and more intense response other word for 2ndary
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anamnestic response
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Antibody Actions |
neutralization, precipitation, agglutination, opsonization, and compliment fixation
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Neutralization |
render antigen containing molecule useless
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Precipitation |
take it out of solution so its no longer harmful
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An antibody-mediated immune response in which bacteria or viruses are clumped together, effectively neutralized, and opsonized.
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agglutination
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opsonization
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coating by antibody or complement proteins provide attachment points that improve phagocytosis
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cytotoxic T cells bind to antigens and destroy cells directly, or Helper T cells secrete cytokines that activate B cells and t cells
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T lymphocytes |
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Natural Killer Cells |
kill both nonspecifically and in antibody mediated response
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phagocytosis and antigen presenting in tissue, have projections.
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Dendritic Cells |
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Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation in the tissue
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Mast Cells |
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Cytokines |
protein messengers that regulate mitosis, and immune system communication.
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When antibodies(Ab) come into contact with specific antigen(Ag), the Ab/Ag interaction causes B cells to proliferate into plasma cells and memory cells. This process is called:
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clonal expansion |
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Memory Cell |
B lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells but remain dormant until reactivated by the same antigen.
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are site of initial development of naive lymphocytes and include the bone marrow and thymus
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Primary lymphoid organ |
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site os lymphocyte activation including spleen lymph nodes, tonsils and accumulations in the respiratory, intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts
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secondary lymphoid organs |
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Release chemical mediators such as histamine in connective tissue
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mast cells |
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recognize antigens transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, and present antigen to helper T cells
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B Cells |
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bind to antigen and destroy the cell
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cytotoxic T cells |
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secrete cytokines that help activate T cells B cells, NK cells and macrophages, also promote inflammation
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Helper T cells |
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nutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, erythrocytes and monocytes
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myeloid cells |
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lymphoid cells
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lymphocytes |
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A long-lived form of a lymphocyte that bear receptors to a specific antigen and that remains circulating in the blood in small numbers for a lifetime
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memory cells |
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Help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions.
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regulatory T cells |
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Proplapse |
part of a valve or organ slips down
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Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
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ventricular ejection |
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Amount of blood left in the ventricle after contraction
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end systolic volume |
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dicrotic notch |
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves
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septal defect |
defect in the wall separating the left and right sides of the heart
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An ultrasound of the heart is known as what?
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echocardiogram |
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lacteals |
specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
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epicarditus
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inflammation of the heart
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aggammglobulinemia
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no gammaglobulin
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Severe allergic reaction due to igE
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anaphylaxis
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lymphocyte maturation preprocessing
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activation of lymphocyte
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