Human Neuropsychology Test #1

Front 1

Describe the directions/orientation for the human body.

Back 1

Superior - top - dorsal
Inferior - bottom - ventral
Anterior - rostral - front
Posterior - caudal - back
Ipsilateral - same side
Contralateral - opposite side
Proximal - close
Distal - far
Medial - towards midline
Lateral - away from midline
Afferent - approaching
Efferent - leaving

Front 2

What are the 3 different section/cuts of the brain?

Back 2

Sagittal section: divides the brain into right and left (hemispheres)

Coronal, frontal transverse section: divides brain into front and back

Horizontal (axial) section: divides brain into upper and lower

Front 3

What cut produces a a view of the inner medial surface of the brain?

Back 3

a mid-sagittal cut

Front 4

What are the divisions of the nervous system and their functions? (simple version)

Back 4

Nervous system: composed of nerves and specialized cells that send signals throughout the body

Central nervous system: made up of the brain and spinal cord, controls most functions of the body and mind

Brain: all functions

Spinal cord: transmission of neural signals

Peripheral nervous system: connects the CNS to the limbs and organs, communication relay

Autonomic nervous system: regulates functions of internal organs. Not aware of this, cannot control, involuntary

Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight response

Parasympathetic nervous system: responsible for rest and digest, or feed and breed.

Somatic nervous system: skeletal and muscle movement. We are aware of this, it is voluntary.

Front 5

How does the sympathetic nervous system change the body in terms of the fight or flight response? (10 things)

Back 5

1. Pupils dilate
2. Salvation inhibited
3. Increased respiration
4. Bronchial passages dilated
5. Increased heart rate
6. Digestion inhibited
7. Secretion of adrenal hormones
8. Increased secretion by sweat glands
9. Hair follicles raised/goosebumps
10. Bladder relaxed

Front 6

How does the parasympathetic nervous system change the body in terms of "rest and digest"? (7 things)

Back 6

1. Pupils constricted

2. Salvation stimulated

3. Decreased respiration

4. Bronchial passages constricted

5. Decrease heart rate

6. Digestion stimulated

7. Bladder contracted

Front 7

What are the 4 types of spinal nerves and their functions?

Back 7

Cervical: muscles of your neck, shoulders, arms and hands, and diaphragm.

Thoracic: trunk muscles and muscles involved with breathing.

Lumbar: hip leg and foot muscles

Sacral: Anal and urethral sphincters

Front 8

What are dermatomes?

Back 8

Dermatomes represent specific regions of nerve reception of sensory impulses. They are an area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.

Front 9

Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord.

Back 9

- Spinal nerves connect to spine

- Dorsal root/fibres (front) carries sensory information from body to spinal cord (AFFERENT)

- Ventral root/fibres (back) carries motor information from spinal chord to muscles (EFFERENT)

- interneurons in the spine (grey as an X, white surrounding)

- covered by layers of dura matter

Front 10

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

Back 10

1. Forebrain

2. Midbrain

3. Hindbrain.

Front 11

What does the Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) consist of?

Back 11

(Metencephalon "across brain")

(Mylencephalon "spinal brain")

- Pons (nuclei that relay signals from forebrain to cerebellum)

- Cerebellum (balance, coordination)

- Part of the Reticular Formation (sleep and consciousness)

- Medulla (involuntary things)

Front 12

What is the function of the cerebellum? What is it composed of?

Back 12

- Has to do with coordination, motor tasks, balance, etc.

- Composed of white matter, subcortical nuclei, gray matter.

Front 13

What is the midbrain (mesencephalon) composed of? Further describe these two areas.

Back 13

1. Tegmentum (floor): contains RF system. It is also the locus of different nuclear groups that synthesize neurotransmitters.

2. Tectum (roof): Superior colliculus which makes us turn towards visual stimulus. Inferior colliculus which makes us turn our head towards auditory stimulus.

Front 14

What are the two areas in the forebrain? What are these two made up of?

Back 14

1. Diencephalon

- Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

- Epithalamus

- Pineal Body

- Habenula

- Striamedullaris ofthe thalamus.

2. Telencephalon

- Neocortex/Cortex

- Basal Ganglia

- Limbic System

- Olfactory Bulbs

Front 15

What are the functions of the structures within the diencephalon?

Back 15

Thalamus (inner chamber): made up of many nuclei. It relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.

Hypothalamus (lower chamber): links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Epithalamus: linkslimbic system components in the forebrain with other parts of the brain.

Pineal Body: secretes melatonin, regulates sleep and wakefullness cycle.

Habenula: a nucleus that projects to the midbrain. Regulates eating and drinking.

Front 16

What are the functions of the structures within the telencephalon?

Back 16

Neocortex/cortex: higher brain functions, separated into 4 lobes; frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

Basal Ganglia: many voluntary movements

Limbic System: emotions and memory

Olfactory Bulbs: sense of smell

Front 17

What are the structures of the thalamus and what are their functions?

Back 17

Dorsomedial Nucleus (connects to frontal lobe): circadian rhythms, eating, sleeping, body weight, energy consumption, etc.

LGN: relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe.

MGN: part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC)

Front 18

What are relay nuclei and what do they do?

Back 18

Nuclei found in the thalamus. Sensory signals generated in all types of receptors are projected via complex pathways to specific relay nuclei in the thalamus. Either receive info, or project to certain areas of the brain.

Front 19

What are the different relay nuclei in the thalamus?

Back 19

- Sensory

- Auditory

- Visual

- Somatosensory

- Motor

- Association: where information is integrated and combined. primary, secondary, and then association.

- Limbic

Front 20

What are the different areas of the thalamus? (9 areas) Where do they project to/from in the cortex and what are they responsible for?

What area has no connections and why?

Back 20

1. Anterior (A): Mammillary Bodies -> emotionalregulation, processing, fear, anxiety, etc. part of the OCD. PROJECTS OUT TO Cingulate Gyrus -> emotions and behaviour.

2. Dorsomedial (DM): Amygdala -> emotions and memory. Caudate -> storing/learning from memories. Frontal cortex -> executive functions such as planning for the future, judgment, decision-making skills, attention span, and inhibition.

3. Posterior (P): Areas 17 & 18 -> primary visual cortex.lSuperior collicullus -> turn head towards visual stimulus.

4. Lateral posterior (LP): its own area -> positioning in space

5. Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN): its own area -> auditory relay

6. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN): its own area -> visual relay

7. Ventrolateral posterior (VLP): its own area -> somatosensory relay

8. Ventrolateral (VL): Cerebellum -> balance and coordination. Basal Ganglia -> voluntary movements, habits, eyemovements, etc. Substantia nigra -> reward, addiction, and movement as it produces dopamine.

9. Ventral anterior (VA): basal ganglia

--- The anterior temporal lobe has no connections becuase it has to do with object recognition and voice recognition, semantic knowledge which does not require relay to other areas.

Front 21

What are the two types of nuclei in the hypothalamus? What are their functions?

Back 21

1. Motivational Nuclei: responsible for the 4 Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and FORNICATION)

2. Endocrine: all hormones that effect everything in your body.

Front 22

What else does the hypothalamus contain that is important?

Back 22

Contains smaller commissures that allow for information to pass from both hemispheres to the other side. This is important in split brain patients as it allows them to still function normally.

Front 23

Explain the more complex diagram of the nervous system.

Back 23

Front 24

What are the 3 areas that make up the telencephalon? What are their functions?

Back 24

1. Neocortex: higher function such as sensory perception, conscious thought, etc.

2. Basal Ganglia: (Parkinson's Disease) Caudate nucleus -> learning from past memories. Putamen -> regulate movement and influence learning. Globus Pallidus -> primarily inhibits movements

3. Limbic System: emotion and memory. direct connection to olfactory system which is why smell is so strong in triggering memories.

Front 25

What are the 7 areas of the Limbic system? Describe their functions.

Back 25

1. Cingulate Gyrus: linking behavioural outcomes to motivation, executive function, and respiratory control.

2. Fornix: C-shaped bundle of fibres. recall memory.

3. Hippocampus: long term memory

4. Mammillary Bodies: recollective memory.

5. Amygdala: emotions

6. Olfactory Bulb: sense of smell

7. Septum:

Front 26

What is the neocortex? what is its function? what is it made up of?

Back 26

The part of the brain you can see. Highercognition functions, planning of behavior, attention, memories, language etc. made up of gyri (bumps) and sulci/fissures (grooves). takes up 80% of brain volume.

Front 27

Name the major gyri of the cerebral cortex.

Back 27

Front 28

Name the major primary cortexes of the brain and where they are located.

Back 28

1. Primary somatosensory cortex

2. Primary motor cortex

3. Primary visual cortex

4. Primary auditory cortex

Front 29

What are the functions of the post and pre central gyri?

Back 29

Precentral - motor strip, primary motor cortex.

Postcentral - somatosensory cortex.

Front 30

How did Broadmand come up with the brain map?

Back 30

He looked at cell densities of different areas of the brain under a microscope. Changing densities indicated different brain areas with different function.

Front 31

Explain the difference in the relative thicknesses of the layers of the motor vs. somatosensory cortex.

Back 31

6 layers in total. 1-3 are integrative functions, 4 is input of sensory information, and 6-7 are output to other parts of the brain. 1-3 are the same for both. 4 is double in thickness for the sensory cortex. 6 and 7 are two times thicker in motor than sensory.

Front 32

What are two areas in the corpus collosum where specific information crosses?

Back 32

1. at the back (Spleenium) visual info crosses

2. at the front (Genu (the knee)) motor info crosses.

Front 33

What is the number, name, and function of each of the 12 cranial nerves?

Back 33

1. Olfactory: smell

2. Optic: vision (retina to cortex)

3. Oculomotor: eye movement

4. Trochlear: eye movement

5. Trigemenial: chewing and facial sensation

6. Abducens: eye movements

7. Facial: facial movements

8. Auditory Vestibular: hearing and balance

9. Glossopharyngeal: tongue and pharynx movement and sensation

10. Vagus: heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx.

11. Spinal accessory: neck muscles

12. Hypoglossal: tounge muscles

Front 34

What are meninges? Name the 3 layers (skull inward)

Back 34

The meninges are the protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord. Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter.

Front 35

Describe the blood flow through the different arteries in the brain.

Back 35

1. Internal carotid arteries supply the anterior area of the brain.

2. This branches off into the R & L anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries

3. The Middle cerebral arteries branch into the striate arteries.

4. Vertebral arteries supply the posterior areas of the brain.

5. join to form one basilar artery under the brain stem.

6. this branches into the R & L posterior cerebral arteries.

Front 36

What areas of the brain do the different arteries supply?

Back 36

ICA: anterior areas of the brain

ACA: medialand inferior frontal lobes, medial parietal lobes, and corpus callosum

MCA: lateralsurfaces of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, & some of theinferior surfaces of the frontal lobes, and medial surfaces of the temporallobes

SA: internal capsule

VA: posterior areas of the brain

BA:

PCA: occipitallobes, areas of the medial & inferior temporal lobes, hippocampus

Front 37

What is the Circle of Willis? What is its purpose?

Back 37

Atthe base of the brain in the subarachnoid space, the anteriorcommunicating artery(only one) and the R & L posterior communicating arteries connect the internal carotid andvertebral artery systems to form the Circle of Willis.

Offers the brain some protection incase one of the arteries get blocked, as blood can flow around this circle and reach certain areas of the brain.

Front 38

Where do aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhages usually take place in the brain?

Back 38

Circle of Willis.

Front 39

How does blood leave the brain?

Back 39

1. the Veins empty out into the venous sinuses in the dura matter.

2. these empty into the internal jugular vein.

Front 40

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Back 40

There are three, the lateral (centre of each hemisphere), 3rd (midbrain) and 4th (brainstem). Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid made by the choroid plexus (special glial cells). CSF circles around the brain in the subarachnoid space spreading around nutrients and removing waste.

Front 41

What does the blockage of a ventricle cause?

Back 41

Hydrocephalus occurs, where the ventricles enlarge. Most common in babies right after birth. People with cognitive problems also tend to have enlarged ventricles.

Front 42

What are the 8 basic principles of functional organization in the brain?

Back 42

1. Thesequence of brain processing is “In-Integrate-Out”

2. Sensoryand motor divisions exist throughout the nervous system

3. Thebrain’scircuits are crossed

4. Thebrain Is both symmetrical and asymmetrical

5. Thenervous system works through excitation and inhibition

6. TheCentral Nervous System has multiple levels of function

7. Brainsystems are organized both hierarchically and in parallel

8. Functions in the brain are both localized and distributed

Front 43

What is the difference between clinical and experimental neuropsychology?

Back 43

Clinical: work with people with brain damage/dysfunction to learn more about neurological disorders &diseases in order to improve diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation &prevention

Experimental: Work with neurologically intact(non-brain damaged) persons to learn about typical or normal brain functioning(brain-behaviour relationships)

Front 44

Describe the other disciplines of neuropsychology.

Back 44

1. Neurology– (Doctors, MD) not somuch interested in higher cognitive functions – more interested in medicalaspects of nervous system damage/dysfunction

2. Behavioural Neurology – neurologists with an interestin higher cognitive functions and brain-behaviour relationships

3. Cognitive Psychology –focus is the details of higher cognitive functions – study “normal”people – experiments to study how different conditions, manipulations, etcaffect cognitive processes in order to understand these processes (e.g.,attention, memory, judgment, problem-solving, priming, etc).Breaking down normal cognitive processes to figure out how they process certaininformation. Interested in the details of cognitive processes.

4.Cognitive Neuropsychology –focus is the same as cognitive psychology, but research brain-damaged persons(less interested in where the damage is and how it is related to theimpairments in functioning). Relationships between brainfunctions and higher order functioning. Interested in people who have braindamage or brain problems.

5. Neuroscience– focus is on how the brain works – from the molecular to the cellular to themore global level – e.g. identifying neurotransmitter pathways, receptors,reuptake, etc to identify functional systems –often use electrophysiological and neuroimaging tools and instruments(event-related potentials, fMRI, PET scans, and so on) - study both brain-damaged/impaired andnon-brain-damaged/non-impaired people

6. Cognitive Neuroscience –neuroscience as described above, but with a focus on understanding neuralunderpinnings of higher cognitive functions. Looking at whatsgoing on in the brain (similar cognitive neuropsychology)

Front 45

Describe Luria's HierarchicalModel of Cortical Functioning.

Back 45

1. Primarysensory zone (sensory information arrives)

2. Secondarysensory zone (elaboration of sensory info)

3. Tertiarysensory zone (integration)

4. Tertiarymotor zone (intentions formed)

5. Secondarymotor zone (plan of action formed) (put hands up to catch a ball)

6. Primarymotor zone (execution of plan is initiated) (flex muslces, etc)

Front 46

What are functional systems?

Back 46

These are complex cognitive functions suchas language , memory, etc that involve multiple brain areas thatwork together.

Front 47

What is a "Double Dissociation" in terms of brain function?

Back 47

2different functions that are localized to separate areas. Like Language or attention. Ifyou have this, it means that if one area is damaged, you lose one function butnot others. Wernickes and brocasarea are double dissoications of function.

Front 48

What is a "Disconnection" in terms of brain function?

Back 48

Whentwo areas of the brain that work together are cut off form eachother. If we cut a band of fibres called the arcuate fasciculus, which connections brocas and wernickes area. Person can still understand langauge, and can still speak because bothareas are intact, but they cant repeat what you just said. They know what theyare suppose to do, but they cant repeat it. Cantget ideas form head to paper.

Front 49

What is Broca's Aphasia?

Back 49

Loss of ability to produce language (verbal or written).

Front 50

What is Wernicke's Aphasia?

Back 50

Loss of ability to understand language (verbal or written).

Front 51

What are some terms for any motor sensory, perceptual, behavioural, psychological, emotional, orcognitive abnormality?

Back 51

deficit,dysfunction, symptom, impairment, disorder

Front 52

What terminology is used for the follow things?

- speech

- writing

- reading

- purposeful movement/actions

- knowing

Back 52

- phasia

- graphia

- lexia

- praxia

- gnosia

Front 53

What is the difference between "a" or "dys" as a prefix in terminology?

Back 53

"a" - full lose of that function

"dys" - partial loss

dys always means the same thing, but a sometimes both.

Front 54

What is a lesion?

Back 54

- any type of focal damage

- focal meaning restricted to circumscribed area

Front 55

What does infarct/infarction mean?

Back 55

- This is an area of dead brain tissue

Front 56

What terms are used for the following brain damages?

- blockage

- bleeding

- fractured skull/penetrating object

- herpes simplex

Back 56

- stroke

- intracerebral hematoma

- open head injury

- viruses

- brain tumours and abscesses

Front 57

What does diffuse brain damage mean?

Back 57

- something is affect many brain areas

Front 58

What are some other types of brain damage?

Back 58

--dementias(Alzheimer’s, Picks, etc)

atrophy

–meningitis

–encephalitis

–Huntington’s

–Parkinson’s

–MultipleSclerosis

–subarachnoidhemorrhage

–Edema(swelling)

Front 59

Define "Lateralization of Function".

Back 59

Hemispheres specialize in certain functions and communicate through bands of axons comprising of cerebral commissures.

Front 60

Name some of the commissures.

Back 60

Ø corpus callosum

Ø anterior commissure

Ø posterior commissure

Ø hippocampal commissure

Ø habenularcommissure

Ø massaintermedia

Ø collicularcommisures

Front 61

Describe the visual pathway form the source of light to the visual cortex.

Back 61

•The left half of each retinareceives light from right visual field (RVF) & connects to the lefthemisphere (LH).

•The right half of each retinareceives light from the left visual field (LVF) connects to the righthemisphere (RH).

Front 62

Describe the auditory pathway from the source of sound to auditory cortex.

Back 62

1. cochlear nucleus

2. ipsilaterally to the superior olivary and contralerally to the inferior colliculus.

3. thalamus (MGN)

4. auditory nucleus.

5. some sound sent out by nerve to sensory tympani.

Front 63

Describe the four methods to studying lateralization.

Back 63

1. Tachistoscope: a visual method. The only way to present information to one hemisphere. Flash something to one hemisphere (VF) for 200 ms. Peopleare faster when the words are presented in the right visual field because langauge is in the left hemisphere. Justmake take a few seconds longer.

2. Dichotic Listening Task: auditory method. Hear words coming into both ears simultaneously and the ipsilateral connections get cancelled out. Or hear diff words in diff ears. Right ear or left hemisphere has an advantage for lights. left ear or right hemisphere has advantage for non language sounds or emotions.

3. Dichaptic Presentation: the tactile method. Place something in the persons unseen hands and ask to identify. right hand will be better with words as it goes to the left hemisphere.

4. Wada Test: uses Sodium Amobarbital injected into the carotid artery to one hemisphere (right to right). Puts that hemisphere to sleep for 3-5 minutes before crossing over to other side. have to do many tests during this time to test which thing are lateralized.

Front 64

What happens when the corpus collosum is cut?

Back 64

Interfers with the communication between hemispheres.

Front 65

What is epilepsy?

Back 65

A condition characterized byrepeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity.

Seizures start at a specific point in the brain and fan out, and in doing so, stimulate those areas.

Front 66

How can epilepsy be fixed?

Back 66

Neurosurgeons may cut the corpuscallosum to prevent the seizures from spreading to the opposite side of thebody.

Can still function because of the smaller commissures that allow information to pass to either hemisphere.

Can also locally laser the certain areas.

Front 67

What usually happens in split brain patients?

Back 67

- Have normal intelligence and motivation.

- Usehands independently in a way others cannot. having trouble using them together. but adapt eventually.

- Responddifferently to stimuli presented to only one side of the body. sometimes info doesnt cross over.

Front 68

How did Sperry reveal subtle behavioural differences for split-brain people?

Back 68

Because the left side of thebrain is dominant for language in most people, most split brain people:

–Havedifficulty naming objects briefly viewed in the left visual field.

•A small amount of information canstill be transferred via several smaller commissures.

Front 69

Explain the behaviour of a split brain patient if the word "Hatband" is flash in front of them.

Back 69

(a) When the word hatband is flashed on a screen,

(b) a woman witha split brain can report only what her left hemisphere saw, “band.”

(c)However, with her left hand, she can point to a hat, which is what the righthemisphere saw.

Front 70

Describe the Chimeric Faces Test.

Back 70

Front 71

Describe the lateralizations of different functions for each hemisphere of the brain.

Back 71

Front 72

Describe, in terms of emotion, what happens when the right hemisphere is damaged.

Back 72

- Right hemisphere is better atperceiving emotions. - Damage to parts of the righthemisphere causes difficulty perceiving other’s emotions, failure to understandhumor and sarcasm, and a monotone voice (lack of prosody). - The right hemisphere is alsobetter at comprehending spatial relationships.