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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Elements of communication Birth to 6 months
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1) Crying - as expression of needs later.
2) Other sounds - express discomfort. 3) Cooing - express pleasure 4) Hearing - startled by loud noises, react to footsteps. 5) Production - universal sounds of infants. 6) Perception - discriminate on speech sound categories even if not part of native language. |
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What elements of stage 1 conform to view of specific mechanisms underlying language?
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1) Ability to produce universal sounds, including phenomes not found in native language.
2) Ability to differentiate between universal sounds, even if not found in native language. |
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Elements of communication - 6 to 12 months
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1) Babbling - first repetitive syllables, then (10 mos) complex combinations. Imitates adult speech
2) Intonation - sounds conversational. 3) Listening/understanding - Discriminates between angry/friendly voice, recognize familiar words, by 10-12 months recognizes name. 4) Perception - speech and sound become specific to native language. 5) Communication - Appears to have intent. |
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Elements of communication -
1 to 2 years |
1) Babbling decreases; sound and gesture appear to have intent.
2) At 10-16 months uses meaningful words. Overgeneralization/overextension. 3) Holophrasic speech - words + gesture (Milk and pointing) 4) Babbling - may coexist with word use 5) 2-word combinations (around 18-24 months) - syntax use begins 6) Understanding - responds to simple questions 7) Conversational turn-taking |
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In what order do children age 1-2 years understand words?
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1) items or people in their environment
2) action words 3) items or people not in their environment (displacement) 4) two-word relations |
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Elements of communication:
Age 2 to 3 years |
1) Vocabulary - 50 to 200 words
2) 2-5 word combinations - morphemes (from cat to cats), overextension of grammar rules (two geese, he runned) 3) Gestures - accompany words. 4) Speech - greater clarity, although some sounds missing. 5) Comprehension - can understand complex messages. |
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Elements of communication:
Age 3 to 4 years |
1) Vocabulary - spurts to 600-1500 words.
2) 3 to 5 word sentences, more complex, employ negatives and contractions. 3) grammar not yet perfect. 4) speech - can tell simple stories, repeat simple sentences. Displacement (talk about things not present in time or space.) 5) Speech sounds now include i and y and sometimes s, r, f, v, sh, ch, and j although often mispronounced. |
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Elements of communication:
Age 4 to 5 years |
1) Vocabulary - 2000 words by age 5, about 1/5 adult vocabulary.
2) Sentences - complete and well formed. "Why" questions emerge. 3) Sounds - still may make errors on v, th, s, z, sh, ch, j and r. 4) Metalinguistic awareness - Child can talk about language. 5) Syntax - increase use of requests, descriptions. 6) Conversation - understanding of rules emerges. |
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What is MLU?
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Mean length of utterance
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What is telegraphic speech?
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In the field of psychology, telegraphic speech is defined as a form of communication consisting of simple two-word, noun-verb sentences that adhere to the grammatical standards of the culture's language.
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What supports specialized speech mechanisms view?
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1) Universal sounds in infant production.
2) Categorical perception (5 month olds indicate ability to discriminate universal sounds) |
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What supports general mechanisms view?
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Categorical perception - a variety of species indicate ability to discriminate between same types of human sounds. Humans and other species have general auditory processing abilities.
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Kinesics
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Study of nonverbal communication
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Emblems
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body gestures that direcgly translate into words or phrases (ok sign)
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Illustrators
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enhance verbal messages (pointing to something) Increases memory
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Affect Displays
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movements ofthe face, hands and general body that that communicate emotional meeaning.
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Regulators
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behaviors that monitor, control, coordinate, or maintain the speaking of another individual. (Head nodding)
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Adaptors
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gestures that satisfy some personal need, such as scratc scratching to relieve an itch.
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What are three kinds of adaptors?
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Self-adaptors (rubbing your nose)
Alter-adapters - movements directed at the person with whom you're speaking Object-adaptors - gestures focused on objects, such as doodling. |
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What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
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You facial expression influences your physiological arousal (pencil studdy)
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What is visual dominance?
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Maintaining eye contact when you are speaking, and lowering it when you are listening signals visual dominance.
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What is civil inattention?
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Eye avoidance that indicates respect for other person's privacy.
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pupillometrics
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Measures size of pupils. Scientists have found that dilated pupils are judged more attractive than constricted ones.
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Proxemics
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the study of spatial distances as indicators of relationships
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What are the four proxemic distances?
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Intimate distance - 0 to 18 inches.
Personal distance - 18 inches to 4 feet. Social distance - 4 to 12 feet Public distance - 12 to more than 25 feet. |
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Territoriality
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a possessive or ownership reaction to an area of space or to particular objects. Locarion of territory may signal statuss.
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Primary territories
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your exclusive preserve (your desk, your room, house)
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Secondary territories
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don't belong to you but are associated with you. Your desk in class, for example.
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Public territories
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areas that are open to all people.
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Expectancy violations theory
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explains what happens when you increase or decrease the distance between you and another person in an interpersonal interaction. if you are seen negatively, an increase is bad, but if you are perceived as positive it can be good.
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Paralanguage
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vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech.
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What are the types of paralanguage?
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pitch (highness or lowness)
voice rate (speed) voice volume (loudness) |
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Define communication
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A dynamic social process of sharing and exchanging information.
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What are four types of communication?
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Intrapersonal, interpersonal, interview,small groups
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What are four context of communication
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Physical
Social-psychological Temporal Cultural |
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What is a feed forward message?
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Preface to a message of some kind, such as "Ok, don't get upset..."
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What is a channel?
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Medium through which message passes
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What is a metamessage?
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A message about another message.
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What is noise?
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Anything that interferes with the message (Physical (machine), physiological (organic problem), Psychological (inner chatters), Semantic (misunderstandings)
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Communication Accommodation Theory
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speakers adjust to, accommodate to, speaking style of their listeners in order to gain approval and better communication
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What does transactional mean?
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The elements in communication are interdependent.
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What are three models of communication?
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Linear, interactional, transactional
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What is intrapersonal communication?
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Inner conversation.
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What is culture?
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A group's beliefs, values and attitudes that passes from one generation to the next through observation.
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What is the difference between encultration and acculturation?
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Enculturation is learning the rules of the culture into which you were born; acculturation is when you adapt to a new culture.
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What kind of culture is concerned only with individual achievement and personal gain?
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Individualist.
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What culture is concerned with the group?
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Collectivist.
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What is the difference between high and low context?
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High context are indirect, more relationship; low context are direct and specific, less concerned with personal relationship.
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What are the two power distances?
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High power distance = power in hands of the few; low power distance = power more balanced.
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What is self-concept?
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How you perceive yourself, what your abilities are, your self image.
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What is source of self concept?
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Feedback from other people, evaluation of your thoughts and feelings, comparisons
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What is self-awareness?
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Your knowledge of self.
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What is self-esteem?
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How valuable you think you are
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What is the dyadic effect?
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You are more likely to disclose to someone who discloses to you, because you feel more secure.
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What are the stages of perception?
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Sensory input, organization, evaluation, memory, recall
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What is schema?
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General knowledge about people, things and events
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What is script?
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A schema that unfolds in a particular order.
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What is implicit personality theory?
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Rules you use to judge other people, halo effect (infer person is good), reverse halo effect (bad)
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What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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Your actions and beliefs about how things will turn out lead them to turn out that way.
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What are primacy and recency effects?
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Primacy is remembering the first thing you hear, recency is remembering the last thing you hear.
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Attribution
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Your explanation for another person's behavior
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Self-serving bias
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An error made to preserve your self esteem (blaming others, for example)
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Overattribution
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Selecting one or two obvious traits in person and attributing their behavior to only those traits.
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Define listening.
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The process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken (verbal) or non-verbal messages
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What are the five stages of listening?
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Receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, responding
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Techniques for active listening?
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Paraphrase, express understanding, ask questions,
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what does denotative mean?
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dictionary meaning
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what does connotative mean?
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the emotional meaning given to a word
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What are prescriptive rules?
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Rules describing how language
Is supposed to be. |
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What are descriptive rules?
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Rules that describe regularities in how the language is used by speakers of a language?
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Semantics
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meaning
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Pragmatics
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functional use & social rules
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Phoneme
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smallest linguistic sounds
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What is a morpheme?
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: the smallest linguistic unit that has meaning. In spoken language, morphemes are composed of phonemes (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of sound.)
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Generativity of language
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how the language grows exponentially from simple phonemes, through morphemes and onto words
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What is Co-articulation?
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How phonemes change according to letter that precedes because of different shape of the mouth it (pin versus bin)
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Are stages of language development universal?
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Yes, the order is universal, but what age each child reaches a given stage is different...
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What is holophrasic speech?
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1 word used in combo with gestures, facial expressions to convey intentions of a sentence
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What are the competing theories of language?
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Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device is innate; Skinner & Bruner: it's learned, Language Acquisition Support System
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What are the two components of Chomsky's transformational grammar?
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That sentences have surface structure and deeper structure. Reading converts surface to deeper, writing reverses the process.
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What is neurolinguistics?
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Study of how the brain processes language
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What is lateralization
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Hemispheric specialization. Left is thought to be speech center, but in 50% of left-handers and 5% of right handers it is in right or both hemispheres.
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What are the two speech centers
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Broca (production); Wernicke (comprehension)
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What is disruption in speech cause by brain damage?
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Aphasia
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What is it called when someone loses ability to produce speech and where is the damage?
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Nonfluent aphasia, damage to Broca's area.
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What is inability to comprehend language?
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Fluent aphasia, damage to Wernicke's area.
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