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113 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Dyadic Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Dyadic Communication (Traits)
1. Directness
2. Quality of Feedback is High
3. Most Spontaneous
Developmental Approach To Interpersonal Communication
For Dyadic Communication to become interpersonal the rules governing the relationship, the amount of data communicators have about one another, and the communicators level of knowledge change.
Cultural-Level Rules
Communication Rules that apply to all members of a particular culture
Sociological-Level Rules
Rules tied to group membership
Psychological-level rules
Partners make rules themselves
Miller and Steinberg Argue That..
Interpersonal Communication is characterized by the development of personally negotiated rules, increased information exchange, and progressively deeper levels of knowledge
Reasons for entering dyads
1. Dyads provide us with comfort and support
2. Dyads help us develop a sense of self
3.Dyads allow us to maintain stable views of ourselves over time.
Expressive-protective dialectic (Interpersonal Tension)
Finding a balance between the need to share personal information and the need to maintain privacy
Autonomy-Togetherness Dialectic (Interpersonal Tension)
Couples and friends must decide how interdependent they want to be
Novelty-Predictability Dialectic (Interpersonal Tension)
Dealing with being predictable and keeping original
Dialectical Emphasis (Ways to deal with Interpersonal Tension)
Couples simply ignore one of the opposing poles of a given dialect. Problem is the opposite pole does not go away.
Pseudo-Synthesis (Ways to deal with Interpersonal Tension)
Decide to satisfy both dialectical forces at once. Considered unrealistic because it ignores the power of the opposing needs.
Reaffirmation (Ways to deal with Interpersonal Tension)
Couple accept fact hat relationships move back and forth between opposing poles.
Relational Cultures
Tacit Agreements about the rules that will constitute their relationships
Relational Definitions
General Understanding of what couples mean to each other
Complementary Pattern
One partner takes the one-up position and one partner takes one-down
Rigid Complementarity
When Submissive partner begins too resent always giving in or when dominant partner gets tired of being in charge
Competitive symmetry
Both member fight for one up position
Submissive Symmetry
Both parties struggle to relinquish control
Disconfirmation
Rejecting responses
Impervious Response
Listener Ignores person trying to communicate
Interrupting Response
Listener interrupts communicator
Irrelevant Response
Listener Change subject on communicator
Tangential Response
Listener briefly acknowledges communicator's subject then changes it
Impersonal Response
Listener Uses formal distant language
Incoherent Response
Listener uses embarrassed or tongue tied response
Incongruous Response
Verbal and nonverbal are contradictory
Paradoxes
Contradictory Messages
Double Bind
Receiver given two opposing messages but prohibited from resolving them
Spiral
Partners behavior intensity's the others
Progressive Spiral
Partners behavior leads to increasing levels of involvement and satisfaction
Regressive Spiral
Misunderstanding leads to more misunderstandings
Initiating Stage (Relational Development Stage)
Happens during initial encounter. The couple try's to create a favorable initial impression. They carefully observe each other for cues about personality, attitudes, and willingness to engage in further interactions. They look for ways to open communication channels.
Experimenting Stage (Relational Development Stage)
Search for common ground. Consists of lots of Phatic Communication (small tallk)
Intensifying Stage (Relational Development Stage)
Individuals make initial moves toward greater involvement. Self-disclosure increases.
Intimacy Trophies
Signs that the person is in a relationship with someone. Ex. Wearing there jacket.
Indirect Suggestion (secret test)
flirting and joking about the seriousness of a relationship to see partners reactions
Separation Test (secret test)
see how partner reacts when being apart
Endurance Test (Secret Test)
make demands of the time and energy of ones partner. See how far they are willing to go.
Triangle Test (Secret Test)
See whether or not partner gets jealous
Bonding
Public ritual to legitimize the relationship
Differentiating Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
Couple begins to notice and comment on previously overlooked differences
Circumscribing Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
members restrict their communication
Stagnating Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
Characterized by silence and inactivity
Avoiding Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
Partners separate physically or emotionally
Terminating Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
Termination of relationship
Intrapsychic Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
Founded on a sense of grievance and distress at the partner's insensitivity or incapacity to fulfill one's needs adequately
Dyadic Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
Partners confront one another and talk about their problems. See if relationship is worth saving.
Social Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
Let friends and acquaintances know about the break up and say their side of the story
Grave-Dressing Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
each person determines the meaning of the couple's time together. Decide what went wrong and what went right and looks for a way to rationalize the relationship.
Filtering Theory
We use a series of filters to judge how close to others we want to become
Sociological or Incidental Cues
Demographic or environmental factors that determine probability of contact
Preinteraction Cues
People use nonverbal impressions to determine whether they wish to interact with others
Interaction Cues
Occur once we have made initial contact
Cognitive Cues
Sharing attitudes and beliefs.
Rules of Self-disclosing
Make sure it is appropriate for relationship
Consider the effect the disclosure will have on others
Choose the right time and place for your disclosers
Should be related to "here and now"
Should be gradual
Disclousures should be recipocal
Advising and evaluating response
Response to disclosure is to tell friend what to do
Analyzing and Interpreting Response
Response to disclosure is to analyze the causes of there dilemma
reassuring and supporting response
Response to disclosure is to offer sympathy
Questioning and probing response
Response to disclosure is to gather more information
Paraphrasing and Understanding Response
Your response to the disclosure is to paraphrase what they said back to them to make sure you understand what they are saying.
gunnysacking
process of postponing and avoiding conflict
Feedback rules
1. Own your own message
2. Avoid Apologizing for your feelings
3. Make your messages specific and behavioral
4.Verbal and nonverbal behaviors support one another.
5. Avoid evaluating and interpreting your partner unless he or she specifically asks you to do so.
hyperpersonal Interaction
When online partners overestimate one another attractiveness
Social Loafing
When members don't fulfill their work potential.
Additive Tasks
The productivity of the group is determined by adding up the efforts of each member
Way's to beat social loafing
Build cohesion among members, set clear performance goals, and identity individual contributions.
Free-riding
one person does the work the other person just coasts along.
Disjunctive tasks
tasks in which one person does a job, no one else has too.
Idiosyncrasy Credit
Symbolic currency earned through conformity
Task Roles
Roles that help the group to accomplish it's task
Maintenance Role
Behaviors that enhance the social climate of the group
Negative Roles
Personal goals that do not help the group either of it's basic goals
Illusion of Invulnerability (Groupthink Symptoms)
A group so immersed in groupthink that they believe that they are the best and lose all sense of reality
Belief in groups own morality (Groupthink Symptoms)
Members of group feel that their actions and beliefs are of more value then people outside of the group
Shared Stereotypes (Groupthink Symptoms)
Member of group take on a "us vs. them" mentality and that those who oppose the group are stupid and wrong
Illusion of Unanimity (Groupthink Symptoms)
Doubting member believes that everyone else agrees with the group's chosen actions
Mind-guards
People who protect the leader and key member from negative information
Classroom Groups (Unique characteristics)
1. They are made up of people with little prior history together
2. their members are generally of equal status at the beginning of the group
3. Researchers do their best not to interfere with what happens in the group during the semester so outside pressures are at a minimum
Zero-history groups or LGD's (Leaderless group discussions)
What ever happens within the group, including leader emergence, happens naturally
Tuckman's 5 stage model
1. Forming
2.Storming- Group becomes familiar with each other and arguments break out about status
3. Norming- Members settle down and find ways to work with one another
4. Performing- The group focuses on the task and gets most of the work done
5. Adjourning- group members tie up loose ends and reflect on their time together.
Fisher's Four-Phase Model
1. Orientation
2. Conflict
3. Emergence
4. Reinforcement
Orientation Phase (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
Group members begin the complicated process of becoming interdependent. Primary tension occurs (tension caused by the natural uncertainty people experience before communication norms and rules have been worked out)
Conflict Phase (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
Secondary tension (occurs as group members disagree over the best ways to accomplish the task as they struggle to find a role within the group that will meet both group and personal needs) starts. As leadership issues are solved and one of the completing solutions gains support, then secondary tension decreases.
Emergence Phase (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
Members who opposed the leading solution begin to back down. The eventual task outcome becomes apparent as does the social structure of the group.
Reinforcement Stage (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
Members bolster their decision through the expression of favorable comments and positive reinforcement
Poole's multiple-sequence model
Suggests groups develop simultaneously on three different tracks. Task, Topic, and Relation tasks.
Symposium
a form of public discussion in which a number of experts give brief, prepared speeches on a topic of general concern
Forum
A more freewheeling form of discussion than a symposium. On a forum, there are no outside experts; audience members are the discussants
Panel Discussion
Experts interact with one another in a small group while an audience listens
Buzz Group
Once initial presentation is finished, audience members are divided into small discussion groups and are asked to respond to the speakers topic
Participation Equalization Effect
In initial interactions people communicating electronically participate more equally, presumably because the status cues that would normally make reticent members inhibited are not present
Characteristics of Organizations
Interdependence
hierarchical structure
linkage to the environment
dependence on communication
Interdependence (Characteristics of Organizations)
Means that all members within an organization are connected to one another
Hierarchy (Characteristics of Organizations)
System that is divided into orders and ranks
Linkage to the Environment (Characteristics of Organizations)
Organizations depend on their surroundings for resources and energy
Organization Communication
Arguing, Cooperating, making decisions etc.
Dependence on Communication (Characteristics of Organizations)
An organization literally is human behavior
Ombudsman
A position in an organization to listen to workers at lower levels and pass their concerns directly to the top
Tight coupling
Subunits within an organization that are closely connected and highly interdependent
loose coupling
When relationship between subunits in an organization is relatively weak
Two way's professional relationships differ from personal relationships
Power and Choice
Organizational Culture
Consists of collectively held logic and legends about organizational life and the organizations identity
Rich Media vs. Lean Media
Rich media uses a variety of channels to carry information whereas lean media use fewer channels
First-level effect
Refers to what the technology is designed to do
Second-level effect
an unforeseen side effect of the technology
Social Penetration Theory
Onion model of relational development. Consists of Breadth and Depth
Predicted Outcome Value
Uncertainty drives relationship early then immediately to POV. Look at award cost ratio. Higher POV means higher motivation to pursue a relationship
Centralized
Centered around top managers
Decentralized
More lower level connections
Committed when
Self-Efficacy is high
Rewards for goal attainment
Self-efficacy
One's perception of how well one can execute a new task