Human Body Science

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the study of the structure of organs and body systems

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

the study of the function of the organs and body systems

Front 3

Atoms

Back 3

the smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element

Front 4

Molecule

Back 4

a chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves

Front 5

Cells

Back 5

Molecules combine to form cells

Front 6

Tissues

Back 6

Cells combine in terms of function and type to form tissues

Front 7

Organ

Back 7

two or more tissues types work together to perform a specific function.

Front 8

How many organ systems are there and what are they?

Back 8

11:
Circulatory System, Digestive System, Endocrine System, Integumentary System, Lymphatic System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Reproductive System, Respiratory System, Skeletal System, Urinary System

Front 9

Epithelial Tissue

-Simple and Stratified
-Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.

Back 9

-Provides Covering
-Produces Secretions
-Exists in sheets
-Does not have own blood supply
-Dependent on diffusion from capillaries for food and oxygen.

Front 10

Connective Tissue

Back 10

- found all over the body.
- has own blood supply
- includes: bone cartilage, adipose, and blood vessels

Front 11

Muscle Tissue
(used to produce movement)

Skeletal Muscle

Back 11

voluntary movement for bones
(controlled by brain)

Front 12

Muscle Tissue
(used to produce movement)

Smooth Muscle

Back 12

involuntary control.
found in walls of hollow organs: intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus

Front 13

Muscle Tissue
(used to produce movement)

Cardiac Muscle

Back 13

Involuntary control
Only found in the heart.

Front 14

Nervous Tissue
(where it is found)

Back 14

Provides structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Front 15

Nerve
(Purpose and protection)

Back 15

made up of specialized cells (neurons) that send electrical impulses throughout the body.

--Myelin- is a support cells that helps protect nervous tissue.

Front 16

Circulatory System
(Consist of and functions)

Back 16

Heart, Blood vessels, and Blood.

Also called cardiovascular sys- supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes such as lactic acid.

Circulates oxygen, hormones, and nutrients

Front 17

Digestive System
(Consist of and functions)

Back 17

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large intestines, Rectum and anus.

-Manufactures enzymes that break down food so nutrients can easily be passed into the blood for circulation.

The liver synthesizes urea that must excreted by the kidneys

Provides nutrients for the mineralization of bones.

Front 18

Small Intestines
(Consist of and functions)

Back 18

Absorption of nutrients

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 19

Functions of Colon

Back 19

Removes water from waste that remains

Front 20

Functions of Liver

Back 20

produces bile that helps break down fats

Front 21

Functions of Pancreas
(in digestion)

Back 21

Delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion

Front 22

Endocrine System
(Consist of and functions)

Back 22

Controls body functions.

Secretes hormones that travel through the blood to organs.

Pineal, Pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal regulates Growth and metabolism.

Hormones released influence blood pressure, and muscular strength and release of calcium. (Controls how much and when)

Helps regulate reabsorption of water and electrolytes in kidneys

Front 23

Integumentary System
(Consist of and Functions)

Back 23

Protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temp. Serves as barrier to pathogens.

Skin, Mucous membranes, hair, and nails.

Allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels

Provides vitamin D necessary for absorbing calcium into bone

Front 24

Lymphatic System
(Functions)

Back 24

Supports immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.

Returns fluid that has leaked form the cardiovascular system back to blood vessels.

Brain Controls immune response

Transports sex horomones

Front 25

Lymphatic System
(Consist of)

Back 25

-Lymph nodes
-Lymph vessels that carry Lymph (a clear fluid rich in antibodies)
-Spleen
-Thymus
-Tonsils (made of lymphoid tissue

Front 26

Acid Secretions

Back 26

Prevent Bacterial Growth

Located in Reproductive and Integumentary Systems

Front 27

Muscular System
(Consist of and Functions)

Back 27

Skeletal muscles,Tendons (connect muscle to bone)
Ligaments (attach bones to form joints)

Provides protection for some endocrine glands.

Muscle activity speeds up gastrointestinal tract.

Generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat.

Front 28

Nervous System
(Consist of)

Back 28

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Front 29

Pituitary Gland
(part of nervous system)

Back 29

Secretion of hormones

Front 30

Nervous System
(Functions)

Back 30

The body's control system.

Controls blood pressure, heart rate and distribution of blood.
Regulates production of sweat, interprets stimuli, and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin.

Regulates and coordinates muscle activity.

Regulates breathing rate and depth.

Front 31

Reproductive System
(Consist of)

Back 31

-Testes
-Penis
-Ovaries
-Vagina
-Breast

Front 32

Reproductive System
(Functions)

Back 32

-Houses hormones that encourage or suppress activities

-Influences masculine or feminine characteristics
(and muscle size)

Front 33

Estrogen

Back 33

Influences vascular health in women

Front 34

Respiratory System
(Consist of)

Back 34

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Respiratory and digestive systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy.

Front 35

Oxygen Exchange

Back 35

Alveoli (tiny air sacs) where Oxygen and Carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via arterioles (small blood vessels.

Front 36

Skeletal System
(Consist of and Functions)

Back 36

Bones, Cartilage Ligaments, and Joints.

Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Blood cells are formed in the marrow of bones.

Provides shape and support

Provides levers for muscular activity

Front 37

Urinary System
(Consist of and Functions)

Back 37

Maintains waters and electrolyte balance in the body.

Regulates acid-base balance of blood.

Activates vitamin D (which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone)

Removes all nitrogen containing wastes from body.

Front 38

Adaptation

Back 38

Receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system

Front 39

Circulation

Back 39

Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system

Front 40

Elimination

Back 40

Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system

Front 41

Locomotion

Back 41

Allow voluntary ad involuntary movement of the body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems

Front 42

Nutrition

Back 42

take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system

Front 43

Oxygenation

Back 43

take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system

Front 44

Regulation

Back 44

hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

Front 45

Self-duplication

Back 45

production of offspring via the reproductive system

Front 46

Homeostasis

Back 46

all organ systems are working properly and is in a stable state.

Front 47

Human Body
(Eukaryotic Cells)

Back 47

Surrounded by a membrane.
Organelles inside cells are also surrounded by a membrane.

Front 48

Metabolizing

Back 48

The use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within cells.

Front 49

Heart

Back 49

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Right Atrium (during contraction of atrium) flows through tricuspid valve into RV. Blood is pushed through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery and lungs when RV contracts. (Picks up oxygen from lungs) Oxygenated blood goes back to hear via pulmonary veins into L atrium, through mitral valve into LV. Contraction them forces blood through aortic valve through aorta and out to entire body

Front 50

Process of Respiratory System

Back 50

Breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
Nose to Trachea, passing into the right and left bronchial tubes (which has cilia). Then travels into alveoli.

Oxygen is the transferred by red blood cells into the bloodstream.

Front 51

Central Nervous System

Back 51

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 52

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 52

Extends beyond brain and spinal cord.

Front 53

Autonomic Nervous System
(Peripheral Nervous Sys)

Back 53

Sympathetic- active when excited or scared

Parasympathetic- active when eating or rest

Front 54

Sensory-somatic Nervous Sys
(Peripheral Nervous Sys)

Back 54

12 pairs of crainal nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia (collections of nerve cell bodies)

Controls Voluntary actions (Walking and Talking)

Front 55

Dendrites

Back 55

Receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the neurons for interpretation

Front 56

Axon

Back 56

nerve cells connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid gilled gap called a synapse.

Front 57

Peristalsis

Back 57

Rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus

Front 58

Enzymes

Back 58

Chemicals that break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed

Front 59

Salivary Amylase

Back 59

an enzyme from the parotid salivary glands, begins chemical digestion of carbs.

Front 60

Protease

Back 60

an enzyme to begin protein digestion and increase the stomachs absorption of vitamin B12

Front 61

Fat-laden Chyme

Back 61

the mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach remains in the stomach

Front 62

Carbohydrate-laden chyme

Back 62

advances more quickly than fat laden chyme into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter,

Front 63

Duodenum
(small intestine)

Back 63

releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin (CKK) Secretin travels to the pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate, which neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum. This triggers release of pancreatic enzymes that further aid chemical digestion. Initiates bile from gallbladder: while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach

Front 64

Villi

Back 64

absorption of nutrients occurs through villi and microvilli increase the surface area within the small intestine.

Front 65

Defenses of Body

Back 65

fever, inflammation, phagocytosis (engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells), natural killer cells, interferons chemotaxis, and release of cytokines.

Front 66

Fevers benefit body by...

Back 66

killing pathogens that grow better at lower body temperature.

Front 67

Inflammation

Back 67

occurs as a response to irritating chemicals, heat, trauma, or infection by pathogens.

Signs: Redness, heat, swelling and pain

Front 68

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

Back 68

produce perforins (pore-forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells. Perforins cause these cells to lyse (RUPTURE)

Front 69

Interferons

Back 69

the body's response to a viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days. Interferons also activate macrophages and NK cells.

Front 70

Chemotaxis

Back 70

the method by which the leukocytes (white blood cells) respond to damaged body tissues

Front 71

Cytokines

Back 71

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues

Front 72

Diapedesis

Back 72

the process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines

Front 73

Active Immunity

Back 73

an individual receives a vaccine that simulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection,

Front 74

Passive Immunity

Back 74

an individual dowes not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk.

Front 75

B Cells

Back 75

produce antibodies

Front 76

T Cells

Back 76

are primarily responsible for recognizing nonself cells.

Front 77

Macrophages

Back 77

capture the nonself cells

Front 78

Crude Birth Rate

Back 78

the number of births per 1000 per year

Front 79

Crude Death Rate

Back 79

the number of deaths per 1000 per year

Front 80

Immigration

Back 80

an individual moving into a region or country to live (migrate into)

Front 81

Emigration

Back 81

an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another (migrate out of)