Human Bio Chapter 2

Front 1

What is matter made up of?

Back 1

Atoms

Front 2

Why do atoms join together?

Back 2

To form chemicals with different characteristis

Hint 2

To form...

Front 3

What do chemical characteristics determine and at what levels?

Back 3

They determine physiology at the molecular and cellular levels

Hint 3

P at the M and C levels

Front 4

What is an atom made up of?

Back 4

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Hint 4

P, N, E

Front 5

What charges and the type do protons, neutrons, and electrons have?

Back 5

Proton (positive) 1 mass unit,

Neutron (neutral) 1 mass unit, Electrons (negative) low mass

Hint 5

Pos 1, Neu 1, Neg low

Front 6

What is the atomic structure made of?

Back 6

Atomic number, mass number, nucleus, electron cloud

Front 7

What is the atomic number?

Back 7

The number of protons

Hint 7

p+

Front 8

What is the mass number?

Back 8

Number of protons plus neutrons

Hint 8

p+ plus n

Front 9

What does the nucleus contain?

Back 9

Protons and neutrons

Hint 9

p and n

Front 10

What does the electron cloud contain?

Back 10

Electron

Front 11

What are elements determined by?

Back 11

The atomic number of an atom

Hint 11

Atomic # = # of protons

Front 12

What are the most basic chemicals?

Back 12

Elements

Front 13

What are isotopes?

Back 13

The specific version of an element based on its mass number

Front 14

What is atomic weight?

Back 14

The exact mass of all particles.

Hint 14

Measured in Daltons

Front 15

What can atomic weight determine for isotopes?

Back 15

The average mass numbers

Hint 15

AMS

Front 16

What determines the reactivity of an atom?

Back 16

Electrons in the electron cloud.

Hint 16

e-

Front 17

What does the electron cloud contain?

Back 17

Shells or energy levels that hold a maximum level that hold a maximum number of electrons.

Front 18

What shells fill first?

Back 18

The lower shells

Front 19

What is the outermost shell?

Back 19

The valence shell

Hint 19

V shell

Front 20

What does the valence shell determine?

Back 20

Bonding

Front 21

What does the number of electrons per shell correspond to?

Back 21

The number of atoms in that row of the periodic table.

Hint 21

Number in a period

Front 22

What do chemical bonds involve?

Back 22

The sharing, gaining, and losing of electrons in the valence shell.

Hint 22

Sharing, gaining, and losing.

Front 23

What are the three major types of chemical bonds?

Back 23

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen bonds

Hint 23

H I C

Front 24

What is an ionic bond?

Back 24

An attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor)

Hint 24

Between cats and ans.

Front 25

What is a covalent bond?

Back 25

Strong electron bonds involving shared electrons

Hint 25

Strong and shared

Front 26

What is a hydrogen bond?

Back 26

Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions.

Hint 26

Weak and partial

Front 27

What is a molecule?

Back 27

Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

Hint 27

2 or more and strong

Front 28

What is a compound?

Back 28

Two or more atoms of DIFFERENT ELEMENTS, joined by strong or weak bonds

Hint 28

2 or more and strong or weak

Front 29

Are all compounds molecules?

Back 29

Yes, but not all molecules are compounds

Hint 29

H2 = molecule only

H20 = molecule and compound

Front 30

What three things does an ionic bond consist of?

Back 30

-One atom (the electron donor) loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation with a positive charge.

-Another atom (the electron acceptor) gains those same electrons and becomes an anion with a negative charge.

-Attraction between opposite charges, then draws the two ions together

Hint 30

One loses, one gains, then attraction

Front 31

What does a covalent bond consist of?

Back 31

The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

-One electron is donated by each atom to make the pair of electrons

Hint 31

Shared and donated

Front 32

What are the types of covalent bonds?

Back 32

Single Covalent Bond: sharing one pair of electrons

Double Covalent Bond: sharing two pairs of electrons

Triple Covalent Bond: sharing three pairs of electrons

Hint 32

Single, Double, Triple

Front 33

What does a nonpolar covalent bond involve?

Back 33

Equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons

Hint 33

Equal share, equal pull

Front 34

What does a Polar covalent bond involve?

Back 34

The UNEQUAL sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons

Hint 34

Unequal and disproportionate pull

Front 35

What are hydrogen bonds between?

Back 35

Adjacent molecules, NOT atoms

Hint 35

Molecules, not atoms

Front 36

What charges are involved in hydrogen bonds?

Back 36

Slightly positive and slightly negative proportions of polar molecules being attracted to one another

Hint 36

Slightly pos, slightly neg

Front 37

What causes surface tension?

Back 37

Hydrogen bonds between water (H2O) molecules

Hint 37

H between H2O

Front 38

What are the states of matter?

Back 38

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

Hint 38

S, L, G

Front 39

Describe solid matter.

Back 39

Constant volume and shape

Hint 39

Constant v and s

Front 40

Describe liquid matter.

Back 40

Constant volume but changes shape

Hint 40

Constant V, changes S

Front 41

Describe matter in GAS form.

Back 41

Changes volume AND shape

Hint 41

Changes BOTH

Front 42

What is the molecular weight of a molecule?

Back 42

The SUM of the atomic weights of its component atoms

Hint 42

-H = approx 1

-O = approx 16

-H2 = approx 2

-H2O = approx 18

Front 43

What does a chemical reaction consist of?

Back 43

Reactants, Products, Metabolism

Hint 43

MRP

Front 44

What is a reactant?

Back 44

The materials going into a reaction

Hint 44

Going into

Front 45

What are products?

Back 45

The materials that come out of a reaction

Hint 45

Comes out of

Front 46

What is metabolism?

Back 46

ALL of the reactions that are occurring at one time

Hint 46

All at once

Front 47

What is energy (in a chemical reaction)?

Back 47

The power to do work

Hint 47

Do work!

Front 48

What is work (in a chemical reaction)?

Back 48

A change in mass or distance

Hint 48

Change in m or d

Front 49

What is kinetic energy?

Back 49

Energy of motion

Hint 49

I like to move it, move it!

Front 50

What is potential energy?

Back 50

Stored energy

Hint 50

Keep it safe!

Front 51

What is chemical energy?

Back 51

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Hint 51

Potent stored in chem bonds

Front 52

What is a decomposition reaction (catabolism)?

Back 52

-Breaks chemical bonds

-AB -> A + B

-Hydrolysis: ABCDE + H2O -> ABC-H + HO-DE

Hint 52

Breaks bonds

AB -> A + B

Front 53

What is a synthesis reaction (anabolism)?

Back 53

-Forms chemical bonds

-A+B -> AB

-Dehydration synthesis (condensation): ABC-H + HO-DE ->ABCDE + H2O

Hint 53

Forms bonds

A+B -> AB

Front 54

What is a reversible reaction?

Back 54

A reaction that occurs simultaneously in both directions

- AB <-> A + B

-At equilibrium the amounts of chemicals do not change even though the reactions are still occurring

Hint 54

Both directions, equilibrium

Front 55

What reactions seek equilibrium?

Back 55

Reversible reactions, balancing reaction rates

Hint 55

Add or remove reactions - reaction rates adjust to reach a new equilibrium

Front 56

What reactions in cell cannot start without help?

Back 56

Chemical Reactions

Hint 56

Ches

Front 57

What is activation energy?

Back 57

The amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

Hint 57

How much do I need to get it moving?

Front 58

What are enzymes?

Back 58

Protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactants

Hint 58

Prot cats, they lower

Front 59

What are exergonic (exothermic) reactions?

Back 59

Produce MORE energy than they use

Hint 59

More than used

Front 60

What are endergonic (endothermic) reactions?

Back 60

USE more energy than they produce

Hint 60

Use more than it makes

Front 61

What are nutrients?

Back 61

Essential molecules obtained from food

Hint 61

Needed from food

Front 62

What are metabolites?

Back 62

Molecules made or broken down in the body

Hint 62

Made or broken in the body

Front 63

What are inorganic compounds?

Back 63

-Molecules NOT based on carbon and hydrogen

Hint 63

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases and salts

Front 64

What are organic compounds?

Back 64

Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

Hint 64

Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Front 65

Up to how much of my body weight is water?

Back 65

Up to two thirds

Front 66

What is a solution?

Back 66

A uniform mixture of TWO OR MORE substances

Hint 66

perfect mix of 2 or more

Front 67

What does a solution consist of?

Back 67

-Solvent: a medium that substances are dissolved IN

-Solute: in which atoms, ions, or molecules of another substance ARE dissolved

Hint 67

Solvent and solute

Front 68

What is solubility?

Back 68

Waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution

Hint 68

Solute, in solvent, makes a solution

Front 69

What is reactivity in water?

Back 69

Most body chemistry occurs in water

Front 70

What is high heat capacity in water?

Back 70

Water's ability to absorb and retain heat

Hint 70

Absorb and retain

Front 71

What is lubrication?

Back 71

To moisten and reduce friction

Hint 71

Make it slide

Front 72

What process do ions and polar compounds undergo in water?

Back 72

Ionization or dissociation

Hint 72

Ionize or dissociate

Front 73

What do polar water molecules form around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution?

Back 73

Hydration spheres

Hint 73

Hydrated rounds

Front 74

What are electrolytes?

Back 74

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

Hint 74

Conductive inorganic ions

Front 75

What does an electrolyte imbalance do in the body?

Back 75

Disturbs vital body functions

Hint 75

Hurts important functions

Front 76

What is a hydrophilic compound?

Back 76

-Interacts WITH water

-Includes ions and polar molecules

Hint 76

Hydro = water

Philos = loving

Front 77

What is a hydrophobic compounds?

Back 77

-does NOT interact with water

- includes nonpolar molecules, fats and oils

Hint 77

Hydro = water

Phobic = fear

Front 78

What is a colloid?

Back 78

-A solution of very large organic molecules

Hint 78

Blood Plasma

Front 79

What is suspension?

Back 79

-a solution in which particles settle (sediment)

Hint 79

Whole blood

Front 80

What is concentration?

Back 80

The amount of solute in a solvent

Hint 80

(mol/L, mg/mL)

Front 81

What is pH?

Back 81

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solutions

Hint 81

Concentration of H+ ions

Front 82

Describe a neutral pH.

Back 82

-A balance of H+ and OH

Hint 82

Pure water = 7.0 ph (neutral)

Front 83

What is the pH of human blood?

Back 83

Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

Hint 83

7:35 to 7:45

Front 84

Describe acidic pH.

Back 84

-pH lower than 7.0

-HIGH H+ concentration

-LOW OH- concentration

Hint 84

Lemon juice

Front 85

Describe basic (alkaline) pH.

Back 85

-pH higher than 7.0

-LOW H+

-HIGH OH-

Hint 85

milk

Front 86

What does the pH scale have an inverse relationship with?

Back 86

With H+ concentration

Hint 86

More H+ ions means lower pH, less H+ means higher pH

Front 87

What is an acid?

Back 87

-Solute that ADDS hydrogen ions to a solution

-Proton Donor

-Strong acids dissociate completely in solution

Hint 87

P+ donor (makes it pos)

Front 88

What is a base?

Back 88

-Solute that REMOVES hydrogen ions from a solution

-Proton acceptor

Hint 88

P+ acceptor (makes it neg)

Front 89

What are weak acids and weak bases?

Back 89

-Fail to dissociate completely in solution

-Helps to balance pH

Hint 89

Balances pH

Front 90

What are salts?

Back 90

Solutes that dissociate into Cations and Anions, other than hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Hint 90

Except hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Front 91

Describe an organic molecule.

Back 91

-Contains H, C, and usually O

-Covalently bonded

-Contains functional groups that determine chemistry (carbs, lipids, protiens (amino acids), nucleic acids

Hint 91

HC and O, covalently bonded

Front 92

Describe carbohydrates.

Back 92

-Contains C, H and O; in a 1:2:1 ratio

Hint 92

-Monosaccharides (simple sugar)

-Disaccharides (two sugars)

-Polysaccharides (many sugars)

Front 93

Describe monosaccharides.

Back 93

-Simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms

Hint 93

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 94

Describe disaccharides.

Back 94

-Two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis

Hint 94

Sucrose, Maltose

Front 95

Describe polysaccharides.

Back 95

-MANY monosaccharides condense by dehydration synthesis

Hint 95

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

Front 96

What are lipids?

Back 96

-Mainly hydrophobic molecules (fats, oils, waxes)

-Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 97

What do lipids include?

Back 97

-Fatty acids

-Eicosanoids

-Glycerides

-Steroids

-Phospholipids and glycolipids

Hint 97

PEGS F

Front 98

What are fatty acids?

Back 98

-LONG chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end

-Relatively nonpolar, EXCEPT the caboxylic group

Hint 98

-Saturated with hydrogen (no covalent bonds)

-Unsaturated (one or more double bonds) - monounsaturated (1) and polyunsaturated (2+)

Front 99

Where are eicosanoids derived from?

Back 99

The fatty acid called arachidonic acid

Hint 99

spider acid

Front 100

Where are leukotrienes found?

Back 100

In the immune system

Hint 100

active

Front 101

What are prostaglandins?

Back 101

Local hormones

short-chain fatty agains

Hint 101

local, short chain

Front 102

What are glycerides?

Back 102

-Fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule

Hint 102

Triglycerides

Front 103

What are triglycerides?

Back 103

(triacylglycerolds or neutral fats)

-for energy source

-insulation

-protection

Hint 103

3 important functions

Front 104

What are steroids?

Back 104

-Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups

Hint 104

four rings, multiple funct groups

Front 105

What are the types of steroids?

Back 105

-Cholesterol (component of plasma cell membranes)

-estrogen and testosterone (sex hormones)

-Corticosteroids and calcitrol (metabolic regulation)

-Bile salts (derived from steroids)

Hint 105

BECC

Front 106

What are phospholipids and glycolipids?

Back 106

-Diglycerides attached to either a phosphate group or a sugar

-Both have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Front 107

What are proteins, their basic elements, and basic building blocks?

Back 107

-Most abundant and important organic molecules

-Basic elements: C, H, O, N

-Building blocks: 20 amino acids

Hint 107

Most abundant and important

Front 108

What are the functions of proteins?

Back 108

-Support (structural)

-Movement (contractile)

-Transport (carrier)

-Buffering (regulation of pH)

-Metabolic regulation (enzymes)

-Coordination and control (hormones)

-Defense (antibodies)

Front 109

What is the protein structure?

Back 109

-long chains of amino acids

Front 110

What is the amino acid structure?

Back 110

-Central carbon atom

-Hydrogen atom

-Amino group (-NH2)

-Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)

-Variable side chain (R group)

Front 111

What does it require to hook amino acids together?

Back 111

A dehydration synthesis between:

-The amino group of one amino acid

-and the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid

-Producing a peptide

Front 112

What are the four shapes of protein?

Back 112

1. Primary structure

-Sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

2. Secondary structure

-Hydrogen bonds form spirals of pleats

3. Tertiary structure

-Secondary structure folds into a unique shape

4. Quaternary structure

-Final protein shape

-several tertiary structures together

Hint 112

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Front 113

What are fibrous proteins?

Back 113

Structural sheets or strands

Front 114

What are globular proteins?

Back 114

-Soluble spheres with active functions

-Function is based on shape

-Shape is based on sequence of amino acids

Front 115

What are enzymes?

Back 115

Catalysts

-Proteins that lower activation energy of a chemical reaction

-Not changed or used up in reaction

Front 116

Enzymes are also...

Back 116

-Specific (only work on limited types of substrates)

-Limited (by their saturation)

-Regulated (by other cellular chemicals)

Front 117

What are cofactors?

Back 117

An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind

Front 118

What is a coenzyme?

Back 118

Nonprotein organic cofactor

Hint 118

vitamins

Front 119

What are isozymes?

Back 119

Two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction

Front 120

What is denaturation?

Back 120

Loss of shape and function due to heat or pH

Front 121

What are glycoproteins?

Back 121

Large protein + small carb

Hint 121

Enzymes, antibodies, hormones, mucus production

Front 122

What are proteoglycans?

Back 122

Large polysaccharides + polypeptides

Hint 122

Promotes viscosity

Front 123

What are nucleic acids and where are they found?

Back 123

Large organic molecules, found in the nucleus that store and process info at molecular level

Front 124

What is DNA and what does it do?

Back 124

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

-Determines inherited characteristics

-Directs protein synthesis

-Controls enzyme production

-Controls Metabolism

Front 125

What is RNA and what does it do?

Back 125

Ribonucleic Acid

-Controls intermediate steps in protein syntheis

Hint 125

-

Front 126

What is the structure of nucleic acids?

Back 126

-DNA and RNA are strings of nucleotides

Front 127

What are nucleotides?

Back 127

Building blocks of DNA and RNA

Have three molecular parts:

- a sugar

- phosphate group

- nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C, or U)

Front 128

Is DNA double stranded?

Back 128

Yes

-the bases form hydrogen bonds to hold DNA together

Front 129

Can RNA bind to itself?

Back 129

Sometimes but is usually a single strand

Front 130

What does DNA form?

Back 130

A twisting double helix

Front 131

What are the types of RNA?

Back 131

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Front 132

What is metabolic turnover?

Back 132

Lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activties