Human Bio Chapter 2

Front 1

matter

Back 1

anything that has mass and takes up space.

Front 2

Elements

Back 2

are the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Front 3

Atoms

Back 3

are the smallest units of an element that retain the elements physical and chemical properties. These bond together to Form molecules.

Front 4

atomic symbol

Back 4

Front 5

Atomic mass

Back 5

Front 6

Atomic number

Back 6

Front 7

Neutrons

Back 7

neutrons are neutral (uncharged)

Front 8

Protons

Back 8

protons are positively charged +

Front 9

What makes up the nucleus?

Back 9

neutrons and protons make up the nucleus.

Front 10

What orbit around the nucleus?

Back 10

Electrons are negatively (-) charged and orbit around the nucleus.

Front 11

Isotopes

Back 11

Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ.

Front 12

Radioisotopes

Back 12

Radioisotopes are useful in dating old objects imaging body organs and tissue through X-Rays, and killing cancer cells.

Front 13

How is radiation harmful?

Back 13

Radiation can be harmful by damaging cells and DNA and/or causing cancer.

Front 14

Molecules

Back 14

*They are made of atoms that are bonded together.
* Can be made of the same atom or different atoms.

Front 15

Ionic Bonds

Back 15

*Atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons.
*Results in a stable outer shell.
*Occur between particles that are changed (ions)

Front 16

Covalent Bonds

Back 16

*Atoms in this type of bond share electrons.
*Result in a stable outer shell

Front 17

What is the pH scale?

Back 17

*A measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
*Working scale is between 0 and 14 with 7 being neutral.
*A pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic.
*The concentration of hydrogen ions between each whole number changes by a factor of 10.

Front 18

Dehydration reaction

Back 18

The removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules.

Front 19

Hydrolysis reaction

Back 19

The addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits.

Front 20

What organic molecules are found in living organisms?

Back 20

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Front 21

What are carbohydrates?

Back 21

*Made of subunits called monosaccharides.
*Made of C, H, and O in which the H and O atoms are in a 2:1 ratio
*Function as short-and long-term energy storage.
*Found as simple and complex forms

Front 22

What are simple carbohydrates. ?

Back 22

*Monosaccharides- 1 carbon ring as found in glucose.
*Disaccharide- 2 carbon rings as found in maltose.

Front 23

What are complex carbohydrates?

Back 23

*Polysaccharides are made of many carbon rings.
*Glycogen is the storage form in animals.
*Starch is the storage form in plants.

Front 24

What are lipids.

Back 24

*Molecules that do not dissolve in water.
*Used as energy molecules.
*Found in cell membranes
*Found as fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids

Front 25

How are fats and oils different?

Back 25

Fats:
*usually animal origin
*Solid at room temperature
*Function for long-term energy storage, insulation from heat loss, and cushion for organs

Front 26

How are fats and oils different?

Back 26

Oils
*Usually plant origin
*Liquid at room temperature

Front 27

What is the structure of fats and oils?

Back 27

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails

Front 28

Understanding fats when reading a nutrition label

Back 28

*Recommendation for total amount of fat for 2,000 calorie diet is 65g.
*Be sure to know how many servings there are.
*A % DV of 5% or less is low and 20% or more is high.
*Try to stay away from Trans fats

Front 29

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

Back 29

*The structure is similar to a triglyceride.
*One fatty acid is replaced by a polar phosphate group.
*Phospholipids are the primary components of cellular membranes.

Front 30

What is a steroid?

Back 30

*A steroid is a lipid.
*The structure is four fused carbon rings.
*Examples are cholesterol and sexton hormones.

Front 31

What are proteins?

Back 31

*Made of subunits called amino acids.
*Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and transport.
*Can denature: undergo a change in shape that causes loss of function.

Front 32

What are the 4 levels of protein organization.?

Back 32

*Primary- the linear order of amino acids
*Secondary- localized folding into pleated sheets and helices
*Tertiary- the 3-D shape of the entire protein in space.
*Quaternary- combination of more than one polypeptide
*All proteins have primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, while only a few have quaternary structure.

Front 33

What are nucleic acids?

Back 33

*Made of nucleotides subunits
*Function in the cell to make proteins
*Include RNA and DNA

Front 34

What are the 5 bases found in nucleotides?

Back 34

*Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are double purine
*Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are single-ringed pyrimidines.
*In DNA, A pairs with Tandy G pairs with C.

Front 35

Summary of DNA & RNA structural differences

Back 35

DNA
*Sugar is deoxyribose
*Bases include A, T, C and G
*Double-stranded

Front 36

Summary of DNA and RNA structural differences

Back 36

RNA
*Sugar is ribose
*Bases include A, U, C, and G
*Single-stranded

Front 37

Summary of the macromolecules: organic molecules

Back 37

Carbohydrates:
example: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Functions: immediate energy and stored energy; structural molecules

Front 38

Summary of the macromolecules : organic molecules

Back 38

Lipids:
example: fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids
functions: long-term energy storage; membrane components

Front 39

Summary of the macromolecules : organic molecules

Back 39

Proteins:
example: structural enzymatic, carrier, hormonal contractile
functions: support metabolic, transport, regulation, motion

Front 40

Summary of the macromolecules : organic molecules

Back 40

Nucleic acids
example: DNA, RNA
functions: storage of genetic information

Front 41

What are properties of water?

Back 41

*Water is liquid at room temperature.
*Liquid water does not change temperature quickly.
*Water has a high heat of evaporation,.
*Frozen water is less dense than liquid water.
*Molecules of water cling together.
*Water is a solvent for polar molecules.

Front 42

What bond holds water molecules together?

Back 42

*Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negatively charged atoms.
*These are relatively weak bonds.

Front 43

Acids and Bases

Back 43

*Acids are substances that dissociate and release hydrogen ions (H+)
*Bases are substances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)