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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Channel proteins |
proteins embedded in the cell membrane that help carry molecules into and out of the cell |
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Carrier protein |
Protein embedded in the cell membrane that can carry molecules and ions across the membrane either passively or through active energy transport. |
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desmosomes |
cell to cell adhesion sites |
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what is one function of glycoproteins and glycolipids? |
To help your body identify the cell (especially important for immune function) |
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What is one function of cholesterol in the interior of cells |
For protection, stability, and strength |
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How is facilitated diffusion different from passive diffusion? |
Facilitated diffusion requires help from a carrier or channel protein, although the molecules still move from an area of high to low concentration. Passive diffusion does not require helper molecules to transport or help move the diffusing molecule. |
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What is endocytosis? |
The engulfing of materials by the cell membrane where the cell membrane surrounds the material and forms a vacuole |
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What is exocytosis? |
The release of materials outside the cell by the formation of a vesicle. |
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What is one way cells are specialized? |
Cells can be specialized by the number of certain types of organelles they contain. |
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What is the nucleolus? |
Large structure in the nucleus that contains the ribonucleic acid and is the site for ribosome construction. |
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How are lysosomes related to cellular death in the case of prolonged oxygen deprivation? |
lysosomes contain many toxic molecules, and the membranes of lysosomes of nerve cells will burst if deprived of oxygen for 4-8 minutes. |
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What are the three kinds of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton? |
actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
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What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? |
It gives structures and strength to the cell, and also moves the internal organelles around. |
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What is apoptosis? |
Deliberate cell death due to protein signalling; e.g. cell suicide. |
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What is metastasis? |
The spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body. |
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What viruses cause most liver cancers? |
Hepatitis B and C. |
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What are the two most high risk genes for breast cancer development in women? |
BRCA1 and BRCA2 |
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What are 3 new types of cancer therapies that are alternatives to the traditional surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy? |
cancer vaccines, proton therapy, and targeted therapies. |
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What is the female gamete called? |
egg cell or ovum |
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What is a promoter? |
A specific base sequence in DNA that signals to start transcription. |
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What is a terminator? |
A specific base sequence in DNA that signals to end transcription. |
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What is the difference between an intron and an exon? |
An intron is non coding and is excised, an exon is a coding region for the protein. Introns are removed during mRNA editing known as splicing. |
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What is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? |
Genetic disorder that is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness in children. |
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What is fragile X syndrome? |
Genetic disorder caused by extra codons on the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome; this results in a constricted X chromosome, leading to mental retardation and other symptoms. |
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What is Williams syndrome? |
genetic disorder caused by a deletion on the 7th chromosome. The deletion carries the code that gives blood vessels their strength and elasticity; this leads to circulatory problems. |
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What are the two main systems of the nervous system? |
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
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How many cranial nerves do we have in our PNS? |
We have 12 cranial nerves |
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How many spinal cord nerves do we have in our PNS? |
We have 31 spinal nerves of our peripheral nervous system which start in our spinal cord and travel to the rest of the body. |
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What is the voluntary or somatic subsystem of the PNS? |
Nerves that go to or from muscles that you have some conscious control over. |
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What is the autonomic subsystem of the PNS? |
Nerves that we do not consciously control, including nerves that travel to our organs and glands. |
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic subsystem of the PNS? |
The parasympathetic and the sympathetic |
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What is the parasympathetic system? |
Part of the autonomic nervous system that deals with slow, unconscious behaviors such as digestion, sexual arousal, salivation, urination, etc. |
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What is the sympathetic nervous system? |
Part of the autonomic system that deals with fast flight or flight behaviors. |
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Where does the parasympathetic system originate? |
the brain and the lower part of the spinal cord known as the sacrum |
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Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate? |
the chest, thoracic and lower back, and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. |
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What is the reticular formation? |
Set of interconnected nuclei in the brain stem that regulates behavioral arousal and consciousness. |
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What part of the brain relays sensory information? |
The thalamus |
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus? |
Makes and regulates many different hormones which control body temperature, sleep, hunger, sex drive, and mood. Houses the pituitary gland. Responsible for maintaining homeostasis. |
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What is the temporal lobe? |
Brain structures that houses our ability to receive and interpret auditory and olfactory information. Primary area of the brain for dealing with sensory input. |
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What are the functions of the occipital lobe? |
Deals with visual information. |
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What is the cerebellum? |
Structure located where the spinal cord meets the brain; regulates motor movements, responsible for balance. |
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What is the cerebrum? |
Largest part of the brain that is organized into different lobes: the temporal lobe, the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, and the parietal lobe. |
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What is the parietal lobe? |
Brain region responsible for skin sensation interpretation: pain, warmth, cold, touch. Also an essential part of spatial information processing. |
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What is the frontal lobe? |
Brain region responsible for higher cognitive skills: memory, judgement, planning, problem solving, etc. Also coordinates conscious muscle control. |
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What is the tissue that surrounds a neuron? |
endoneurium |
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What are bundles of neurons inside a nerve called? |
fascicles |
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What tissue surrounds the fascicles? |
perineurium |
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What do sensory or afferent neurons do? |
Send sensation signals to the brain |
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What do motor or efferent neurons do? |
Send signals from the brain to neurons telling them what to do |
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What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord? |
Back of spinal cord that has sensory neurons |
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What is the ventral root of the spinal cord? |
Front of spinal cord that has motor neurons |
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What are interneurons? |
Neurons that transmit impulses between other kinds of neurons (such as motor and sensory). Form neural circuits. Found only in the central nervous system. |
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What are the three basic parts of a neuron? |
Axon, dendrites, and cell body. |
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What are neuroglia? |
non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. |
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What are the different neuroglia? |
Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
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What are the components of a reflex arc? |
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector (usually muscle) |
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How many bones and joints does the adult skeletal system have? |
206 bones and 68 joints. |
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What are some materials bones store? |
calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Yellow bone marrow is also stored, which contains fat reserves. |
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Where are red and white blood cells produced? |
In red bone marrow in our bones. |
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What are the different types of bones? |
long bones, short bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones (such as the kneecap known as the patella). |
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What do joints do? |
Joints connect bones and allow movement. |
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What are the three basic types of joints? |
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. |
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What are fibrous joints? |
immovable or only slightly movable joints made of dense connective tissue. Examples include the sutures that holds bones in our skull together, and the joint holding our ulna and radius of our forearm together. |
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What are cartilaginous joints? |
Slightly movable joints that are united by cartilage. Examples include the attachments between our ribs and breastbone, in the pelvic bone area, and between the bones of the spinal column. |
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What are synovial joints? |
Joints that allow for the most movement. |
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What are the six different types of synovial joints? |
ball and socket, hinge, saddle, ellipsoid, pivot, and gliding joints. |
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What are ball and socket joints? |
The joints that allow the most movement including the shoulder and hip joints. Can move in all directions. |
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What are hinge joints? |
Joints that allow a hingelike movement in one direction and include the elbows and knees. Can move in only one plane of direction. |
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What are saddle joints? |
Joints that can move in many directions but can not rotate the way a ball and socket joint can. An example is the joint that connect thumb to hand. |
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What are ellipsoid joints? |
Joints that allow a lot of motion but not as much as ball and socket. The wrist is an example of an ellipsoid joint. |
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What are pivot joints? |
Joints that only allow partial rotation. The second vertebra (axis) and first cervical vertebra form a pivot joint that allows us to partially move our head. |
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What is a gliding joint (or plane joint?) |
The joining of two flat bones that slide against each other. It does not allow much movement. The connection between the shoulder blade (scapula) and collar bone (clavicle) is an example of a gliding joint. |
