Hsf 1St Block (Nerves And Muscles)

Front 1

Cell bodies of general somatic efferent

Back 1

in CNS

Front 2

Cell bodies of general somatic afferent

Back 2

DRG

Front 3

What is the CNS

Back 3

brain and spinal cord

Front 4

What is the CNS

Back 4

the rest of the nerves outside of the CNS

Front 5

Somatic

Back 5

motor skeletal muscle, precise sensation

Front 6

Autonomic

Back 6

motor cardiac, smooth, and glands

vague sensation

Front 7

Sympathetic autonomic

Back 7

T1 - L2

goes everywhere

Front 8

Parasympathetic autonomic

Back 8

craniosacral

does not go to body wall

Front 9

Neural tube

Back 9

Brain and spinal cord

Front 10

Neural crest

Back 10

PNS, and associated glia

Front 11

Nervous system of the GI

Back 11

Enteric nervous system, 3rd branch of the autonomic nervous system

Front 12

Which germ layer give rises to the nervous system?

Back 12

Ectoderm

Neural tube - CNS
Neural crest - PNS

Front 13

What kind of neurons is DRG?

Back 13

Peripheral, since their cell bodies lie in the periphery

Part of their central process goes into the CNS

Front 14

The transition from PNS to CNS?

Back 14

The point where the axon penetrates the pia

Front 15

What kind of neurons is the motor neurons?

Back 15

Central, since their cell bodies lie in the CNS (ventral horn)

Front 16

Cells responsible for the ensheathed or myelinated axons in the PNS

Back 16

Schwann cells

Front 17

Cells responsible for the ensheathed or myelinated axons in the CNS

Back 17

Oligodendrocytes

Front 18

Classification of sensory ganglion cell

Back 18

Pseudounipolar

Front 19

Classification of spinal motor neuron

Back 19

Multipolar

Front 20

Afferent mode of carrying info

Back 20

From target

i.e. to CNS from skin

Front 21

Efferent mode of carrying

Back 21

To target

i.e. From motor neurons to muscle

Front 22

4 domains of the neuron

Back 22

Input - soma, dendrites, and sometimes portion of axon

Trigger zone - decision to generation AP

Conductile domain - axon, to propagate the AP

Output - synapse

Front 23

Location of protein synthesis of neurons

Back 23

In the soma and proximal dendrites

also, neurons in mature nervous system do not divide

Front 24

Axon hillock

Back 24

Site of AP generation (except in psedounipolar, where the AP is near the peripheral)

This section has high density of voltage-gated Na and K channels

Front 25

Axon

Back 25

Speed of AP depends on the diameter the axon

Axons larger than 1 micron is myelinated

Front 26

Synapses (different type of and their mode of transmittance)

Back 26

Electrical, by gap junctions

Chemical, by having calcium being released by the bouton due to the AP and neurotransmitter containing vesicles fuse with PM and release transmitters into cleft

Front 27

Orthograde

Back 27

Transporting from cell body to ends of the axon or dendrites

Kinesin responsible (- end toward +)

Front 28

Retrograde

Back 28

Transporting from distal ends of the cell back to the cell body

Dynein responsible (+ end toward -)

Front 29

Axons regeneration is depended on...

Back 29

Rate of slow axonal transport

Front 30

What are leakage channels?

Back 30

Ungated (always open) channels for K or Na, responsible for neuronal resting membrane potential

Front 31

What are voltage-depending channels?

Back 31

Voltage-gated Na and K

Major contributors to the neuronal AP. Highest concentration in the axon hillock and in the nodes of Ranvier

Voltage-gated Ca channels
-important for neurotransmitter release

Front 32

What are chemically-gated?

Back 32

Responsible for the postsynaptic cell's ability to respond with a change in membrane polarization to a neurotransmitter

Front 33

Glial cells background and function

Back 33

Can divide in adult, but they don't fire AP or form synapses

Supporting neuronal functions

Front 34

What are they?

Back 34

CNS - oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

PNS - Schwanna cells (all functions)

Front 35

Myelinating glia

Back 35

Produces myelin to increase the speed of potential conduction

Schwann cells in PNS
Oligodendrocytes in CNS (aka the white matter)

Front 36

Schwann cells vs. Oligodendrocytes

Back 36

Schwann cells contribute to only one axon, can ensheath many, synthesize BL

Oligodendrocytes contribute to several, do not synthesize BL

Front 37

Astrocytes

Back 37

Provide structural support, located in both white and gray

Take up materials from blood and provide nutrition for neuron, same with glucose

Recycle neurotransmitter

Buffering

Front 38

Microglia

Back 38

Primary phagocytic cells of the CNS

Front 39

Ependymal cells

Back 39

line the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

secrete CSF

Front 40

What are t-tubules

Back 40

Extensions of sarcolemma

Front 41

Describe excitation-contraction coupling

Back 41

1.) AP invades t-tubules

2.) Voltage-sensing receptor DHP opens Ca channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum

3.) Ca rush into the cytoplasm

4.) Ca binds to troponin

5.) Troponin moves tropomyosin moves out of the way, allowing actin-myosin binding

Front 42

Ca++-ATPase

Back 42

Pump that pumps Ca++ using ATP back to the sacroplasmic reticulum

Front 43

Motor unit recruitment order

Back 43

Lowest to highest threshold

Slow, fatigue resistent first

Then intermediates

Finally fast, high tension, easily fatigued

Front 44

Asynchronous recruitment

Back 44

Motor units take turns in sub-maximal situations avoiding fatigue

Front 45

Thin filament

Back 45

Actin, troponin, tropomyosin,

Front 46

Thick filament

Back 46

Myosin, titin

Front 47

A band

Back 47

Thick filament, don't change when contracting

Front 48

I band

Back 48

Thin filament, changes during contracting

Front 49

What changes during contraction?

Back 49

Sacromeres, I band

Front 50

What protein in muscle hydrolyzes ATP?

Back 50

Myosin, happens when myosin is detached from actin

Front 51

Relationship of Actomyosin ATPase to Vmax

Back 51

ATP hydrolysis is the sole determinant of Vmax

Vmax being the max velocities of shortening

Front 52

DHPR

Back 52

Dihydropyridine receptors, located in the t-tubules, voltage sensitive Ca channels

main function is to communication with ryanodine receptions that an AP has signaled for contraction

Front 53

RYR

Back 53

Ryanodine receptors

Channels that release Ca++ from SR into the cytoplasm to activate contractile proteins

Front 54

Summary of excitation-contraction

Back 54

1.) AP at surface membrane
2.) Transmitting of the signal down T-tubules
3.) Release of Ca from SR (DHYR and RYR)
4.) Ca diffuses to filaments, initiates contraction
5.) Ca taken up by SR = relaxation

Front 55

Twitch

Back 55

response to single action potential

Front 56

Tetanus

Back 56

response to multiple stimuli delivered at a rate sufficient to produce a fused contraction

Front 57

Isometric contraction

Back 57

Force vs. muscle length

A muscle generating forces without changing length, such as hand gripping on the objective without dropping

Front 58

Passive force

Back 58

the force required to stretch a relaxed muscle to a given length

force arises from titin

Front 59

Active force

Back 59

Total - passive

force comes from the attachment of crossbridges

Front 60

Total force

Back 60

The final force of a muscle following stimulation

Passive force prior to stimulation and force generated in response to the stimulus

Front 61

Isotonic contraction

Back 61

Muscle getting shorter under constant load

Front 62

Preload (Isotonic)

Back 62

The load that establishes initial muscle strength

Load is carried by muscle at rest and during contraction

Front 63

Afterload (Isotonic)

Back 63

load that is supported until the muscle develops enough force to lift it

Front 64

Familial Hypertrophic (FHC)

Back 64

Point mutation

Enhanced power production

Front 65

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Back 65

Point mutation

Diminished power production

Front 66

Muscular Dystrophy

Back 66

Progressive muscle weakness and wasting

Loss the genetic code to form the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, which connects the ECM to the cytoskeleton

Front 67

Smooth Muscle vs. Skeletal (in terms of force, velocity, and energy consumption)

Back 67

Force: smooth > skeletal

Velocity: skeletal 100x> smooth

Energy: skeletal 300x> smooth

Front 68

Contraction of SM, describe mechanism

Back 68

Myosin light chan phosphorylation

1.) AP leads to rise in Ca from the SR
2.) Ca binds to calmodulin
3.) Ca-calmodulin complex binds to Myosin light chain kinases (MLCK)
4.) MLCK phosphorylates the light chain (myosin)
5.) Myosin can now attach to actin and contract