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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list the steroid hormones
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estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, vitamin D metabolites, glucocorticoids
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list the amine hormones
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dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones
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list the glycoprotein hormones
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FSH, LH,TSH, chorionic gomadotropin
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list the major hormones of the hypothalamus
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GnRH,TRH,somatostatin
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list the major hormones of the anterior pituitary
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GH,FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH,prolactin
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list the major hormones of the adrenal cortex
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glucocorticoids, aldosterone, mineralcorticoids
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list the major hormones of the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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where is activin released from
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gonads-granulosa in ovaries, sertoli in testes
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what stim. activin release
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FSH
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action of activin
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stim FSH release, enhances spermatogenesis
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where is ACTH released from
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anterior pituitary-corticotrophs(basophils)
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stim for ACTH release
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CRH
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action of ACTH
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stim cortisol release, trophic effect on adrenal cortex-aldosterone release when very high
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where is aldosterone released from
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adrenal gland-zona glomerulosa
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stim for aldosterone release
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inc. AII, K+, ACTH
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action of aldosterone
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inc Na+ rebasorption; can mimic cortisol at high conc.
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inhib of aldosterone release
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ANP
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where is calcitonin released from
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thyroid gland-C-cells(parafollicular)
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stim for calcitonin release
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inc. Ca+ conc.
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action of calcitonin
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dec. plasma Ca+ conc. by action on bone-not essential for life
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where is CRH(corticotropin releasing hormone) released from
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hypothalamus
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stim for CRH release
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CNS signals(stress, emotions, diurnal clock)
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action of CRH
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stim ACTH release
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where is cortisol released from
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adrenal gland-zona fasciculata cells
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stim. for cortisol release
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ACTH
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action of cortisol
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control of metabolism(glucocorticoid), stress response, mineralcorticoid effects at high conc.
promotes maturation of fetal lungs stim. surfactant production stim. closure of ductus arteriosus |
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where is hCG(chorionic gonadotropin) released from
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placenta-embryo and syncytiotrophoblast cells
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inhib. of hCG release
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progesterone
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action of hCG
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prevents disintegration of the corpus luteum in pregnant female
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where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released from
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adrenal medulla-chromaffin cells
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stim for ep/norep release
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sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
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action of ep/norep
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dependend on cell
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what kind of receptors do ep/norep bind to
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andrenergic
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epinephrine is metabolized by what?
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monoamine oxidase(MOA)
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norepinephrine is metabolized by what?
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catechol-O-methyl-transferase(COMT)
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where is estrogen released from
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ovaries-granulosa and thecal cells
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stim for estrogen release
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FSH(granulosa) and LH(thecal
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most of estrogen in plasma is bound to what
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albumin
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almost half of estrogen in plasma is bound to what
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sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG)
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action of estrogen
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necessary for ovulation, secondary sex characteristics
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where is FSH released from
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anterior pituitary-gonadotrophs(basophils)
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stim for FSH release
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GnRH, activin
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inhib. of FSH release
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inhibin
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action of FSH
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follicular dev. in females, spermatogenesis in males
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where is glucagon released from
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pancreas-alpha cells in islets
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stim of glucagon release
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decr. in plasma glucose
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inhib. of glucagon release
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high plasma glucose, insulin, somatostatin
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action of glucagon
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incr. plasma glucose through liver and adipose cells
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where is GnRH released from
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hypothalamus
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stim for GnRH release
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pulsatile stim. of CNS systems
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inhib. of GnRH release
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testosterone and estrogen
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action of GnRH
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stim. release of FSH and LH
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where is GH released from
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anterior pituitary-somatotrophs(acidophils)
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stim. for GH release
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GHRH, decr. glucose and free fatty acids, fasting
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inhib. of GH release
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GHIH(somatostatin), incr. glucose and free fatty acids
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how is GH transported in blood
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half in solution, halfo bound the GHBP
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action of GH
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control of metabolism(glucose), stim. release of IGF-1 from liver and bone to promote growth
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another name for IGF-1
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somatomedin
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another name for growth hormone inhibiting hormone(GHIH)
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somatostatin
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where is GHRH released from
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hypothalamus
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stim. for GHRH release
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inputs from CNS
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action of GHRH
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stim. release of GH
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where is GHIH released from
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hypothalamus
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action of GHIH
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inhibits GH release
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where is inhibin released from
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gonads-sertoli and granulosa cells
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stim for inhibin release
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FSH
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action of inhibin
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inhibits release of FSH
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where is insulin released from
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pancreas-beta cells in islets
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stim for insulin release
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food intake(parasympathetics), high glucose and amino acids
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inhib. of insulin release
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sympathetic stim., somatostatin
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action of insulin
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lowers plasma glucose by actions on skeletal muscle, liver and adipose cells
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where is LH released from
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anterior pituitary-gonadotrophs(basophils)
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stim. for LH release
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GnRH
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inhib. of LH release
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inhibin, estrogen in females
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action of LH
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stim. steroid synthesis in both sexes and maintains corpus luteum in females;
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where is oxytocin released from
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axon terminals in posterior pituitary
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where is oxytocin synthesized
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hypothalamus
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stim. for oxytocin release
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sensory stimuli from suckling
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action of oxytocin
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contraction of myoepithelial cells; uterine smooth muscle contraction during parturtion
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where is PTH released from
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parathyroid glands-chief cells
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stim. for PTH release
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decr. plasma Ca2+
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action of PTH
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incr. plasma Ca2+ through bone and kidneys; incr. vitamin D3 production which increases Ca2+ absorption in gut
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where is progesterone released from
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adrenal cortex, ovaries, placenta-granulosa cells of corpus luteum
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how is progesterone transported in blood
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half on albumin, half on transcortin
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action of progesterone
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alterations to uterus and breasts
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where is PRL(prolactin) released from
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anterior pituitary-lactotrophs
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stim. for prolactin release
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suckling-inhibition of dopamine release
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inhib. of prolactin release
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dopamine
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what is another name for dopamine
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PIF(prolactin inhibiting factor
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action of prolactin
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promotes lactation; no function in males although reproductive pathophysiology at very high conc.
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where is PRH(prolactin releasing hormone) released from
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hypothalamus
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stim. for PRH release
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not definitively known; TRH, AII and vasopressin all incr.
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action of PRH
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release of prolactin
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where is PIH(dopamine) released from
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hypothalamus
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inhib. of dopamine release
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suckling
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action of dopamine
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inhib. release of prolactin
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where is IGF-1(somatomedin) released from
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primarily liver;bone
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stim. of IGF-1 release
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GH
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how does somatomedin travel in blood
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at least 6 carrier proteins
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action of IGF-1
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stim. growth of bone and soft tissues
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where is somatostatin released from
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hypothalamus-neurons in periventricular region
GI tract- D cells pancreas- delta cells in islets |
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action of somatostatin
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inhib. GH, TSH, insulin and glucagon secretion
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where is testosterone released from
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testes-leydig cells
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stim for testosterone release
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LH
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what is most of testosterone bound to in plasma
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SHBG-sex hormone binding globulin
and then albumin |
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special removal of testosterone
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converted to DHT or estradiol in peripheral tissues
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action of testosterone
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required for sperm production; secondary male sex characteristics
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where is TRH(thyrotropin releasing hormone) released from
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hypothalamus
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stim for TRH release
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signals from CNS
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action of TRH
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release of TSH and PRL
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where are T3/T4 released from
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thyroid-follicular cells
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stim. for thyroid hormone release
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TSH
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how is thyroid hormone transported in blood
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most to thyroid binding globulin(TBG) and some to transthyretin
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which is transported more in solution T3 or T4
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T3- .3%
T4- .03% |
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action of thyroid hormone
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growth, metabolic rate, reinforces activity of sympathetics
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where is TSH released from
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anterior pituitary-thyrotrophs
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stim. for TSH release
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TRH
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inhib. of TSH release
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thyroid hormone, somatastatin
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action of TSH
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synthesis and release of T3/T4; trophic effects on thyroid gland
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where is ADH(vasopressin) released from
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axon terminal in posterior pituitary
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where is ADH synthesized
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hypothalamus
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stim for ADH release
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incr. osmolarity and decr. blood volume
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inhib. of ADH release
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T3
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action of ADH
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incr. collecting ducts permeability to water by inserting aquaporins into membrane
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where is vitamin D3 released from
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kidney-proximal tubule cells
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stim for vitamin D3 release
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incr. PTH and decr. plasma Pi
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action of vitamin D3
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incr. Ca2+ absorption in the gut
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normal range of blood glucose
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60-115 mg/dl
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passive, facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs through what transporters?
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GLUT-12 different ones
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location and fx. of GLUT1
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located in all cells
basal glucose uptake and sustaining respiration-independent of insulin |
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location and fx. of GLUT2
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liver, beta-cells of pancreas
entry of glucose in pancreas and metabolic effector in liver-insulin independent |
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location and fx. of GLUT3
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neurons
transport-insulin independent |
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location and fx. of GLUT4
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adipose, striated muscle
metabolism and plasma glucose levels insulin dependent except when muscle cells are contracting |
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which GLUT transporter is insulin dependent
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4-except when muscle is contracting
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what protects proinsulin?
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C-peptide
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inhibitors of insulin secretion?
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epinephrine and somatostatin
NOT GLUCAGON |
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what is the major anabolic hormone of the body?
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insulin
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actions of insulin besides glucose regulation?
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decr. plasma concentration of fatty acids, keto-acids and amino acids
uptake of K+ in muscle |
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what amino acid will glucagon have an effect on?
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alanine-decr. in concentration during gluconeogenesis
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inhibitors of glucagon?
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high plasma glucose, somatostatin and INSULIN
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function of glucagon besides glucose regulation?
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increases plasma fatty acids and ketones
incr. force of heart contractions and CO |
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effect on glucagon when insulin conc. rises?
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inhibition
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effect on insulin when glucagon conc. rises?
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stimulated
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similar response of glucagon and insulin to fatty acid, gastrin and acetylcholine increase?
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stimulation
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epinephrine's effect on glucagon?
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stimulation
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effect of cortisol on epinephrine?
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permissive effect
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stimulators for release of catecholamines
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low blood glucose, stress, hemorrhage, exercise, hypoxia, cold temperature
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function of GH?
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incr. use of fats while conserving glucose and protein
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function of cortisol
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permissive to other hormones
proteolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis, fat mobilization |
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which amino acid does not rise under cortisol stim?
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alanine-use in gluconeogenesis matches production
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effect of cortisol on insulin receptors?
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decreases sensitivity to both insulin inhibition of glucose production and insulin stim. of glucose use
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glucagon's effect on glucose uptake?
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none
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