Hormones

Front 1

Diganostic Use only for Hypothyroidism

Back 1

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

Front 2

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone is used to

Back 2

diagnose infertility and delayed puberty

Front 3

Goserelin

Back 3

used to treat prostate and breast cancer, treat endometriosis, help thin endometrium prior to a hysterectomy

Front 4

Gonadotropin antagonists

Back 4

prevent ovulation and the LH surge

Front 5

an example of a GnRH antagonist

Back 5

Cetrorelix

Front 6

Corticotropin Releasing Factor is used

Back 6

diagnotist use for cases of pituitary defects that present as Cushing's Disease

Front 7

Growth Hormone Releasing Factor is used diagnostically for

Back 7

kids with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency

Front 8

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone is used treatment wise for:

Back 8

GHD where the pituitary workds fine, but the hypothalamus doesn't secret adequate GRF

Front 9

Dopamine is also knowns at

Back 9

Prolactin Release Inhibitory Factor

Front 10

Dopamine is not used in hormone therapy because:

Back 10

too many peripheral effects of dopamine in blood vessels and it is broken down by MAO's or other enzymes

Front 11

a type of dopamine that was used in women with pituitary tumors

Back 11

bromocriptine

Front 12

a type of dopamine that had less side effects than bromocriptine

Back 12

cabergoline

Front 13

somatostatin does not treat

Back 13

cancer itself

Front 14

inhibition of glucagon secretion by somatostain is _______ than its inhibition of insulin secretion

Back 14

greater

Front 15

a condition that has too much growth hormone and causes an enlargemetn of large bones in the hands, feet, and face, with an enlargement of the nose and lips

Back 15

Acromegaly

Front 16

Why is 111 Indium added?

Back 16

the agent is administed such that radioactivity is selectively delivered to kill the cells overexpressing somatostatin receptors

Front 17

70 times more effective than native somatostain

Back 17

Octreotide

Front 18

is being tested for use in cancer and it seems to be 2 to 3 times more potent than octreotide

Back 18

Lan-7

Front 19

for Somatostain, replacing a L-AA with a D-AA makes the analog how many more times active

Back 19

6-8 times

Front 20

in somatostatin, D-AA at position 14 makes an analog that is much more selective for inhibition of growth hormone and of glucagon than for inhibiting insuline release, which suggests

Back 20

that the peripheral receptors for somatostatin are structurally different

Front 21

the reasons why growth hormone has a long half life

Back 21

1/ the hormone is much larger than its active region, so the extra size protects the active region from enyzmatic destruction.
2/ it does not move in the blood as a free molecule, rather it is adsorbed onto plasma proteins

Front 22

Some uses of growth hormone

Back 22

1/ children whose growth is abnormally slow,
2/ adults with GH deficiency
3/ girl's with turner's syndroms
4/ body wasting due to HIV
5/ cardiac insufficiency

Front 23

insulin like growth factors

Back 23

somatomedins

Front 24

somatomedins act together with GH to:

Back 24

promote cartilage growth, stimulated protein synthesis, stimulate thymidine incorporation into DNA, and stimulate cell division

Front 25

prolactin has what with GH?

Back 25

16% homology

Front 26

why are proteins glycosylated?

Back 26

1/ to increase stability or half life-longer duration of action
2/ to faciliate the secreton of proteins from a cell
3/ to create recognition sites for other molecules

Front 27

effects of prolactin

Back 27

1/ promote mammary gland proliferation
2/ release progesterone which renders the uterus suitable for imbedding of the ovum

Front 28

oxytocin is:

Back 28

a synthetic peptide given only with strict medical supervison to induce labor or delivery

Front 29

lypressin is:

Back 29

given as a nasal spray and is used to treat diabetes insipidus- pituitary release of ADH doesnt occur properly

Front 30

desmopressin is:

Back 30

given as a nasal spray, orally, or parenteraly. used to treat the symports of diabetes insipidus, and used to treat children who experience uncontrolled bed wetting.
Cys removed and D-Arg replaces L-Arg

Front 31

terlipressin is:

Back 31

given to treat bleeding of the esophagus that may result in cirrohis of the liver. also causes an increase in blood pressure which causes bulges that can rupture

Front 32

function of Throid Stimulating Hormone from the pituitary:

Back 32

promote release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland and stimulate uptake of iodide from blood into acinar cells

Front 33

thyroxin-binding globulin

Back 33

only have 1 high-affinity binding site for homrone

Front 34

transthretin

Back 34

also called t4- binding pre-albumin since it only carries one of the hormones. it has an affinity 1000 times less affinity for t4 than thyroxin binding globulin, but theres more of it

Front 35

albumin

Back 35

carries 10% t4 and 30% of t3

Front 36

from a single tg molecule, only ______ hormones are released

Back 36

2 to 5

Front 37

transthyretin binds where

Back 37

the cooh end of the hormone binds a pair of lys residues at the mouth of the funnel, even bound by t4, also binds four molecules of vitamin A

Front 38

details about the binding of the nuclear receptor of t3 and t4

Back 38

1/ the I at postitions 3 and 5 on the inner ring keep the 2nd ring perpendicular
2/ the spacer atom between the rings keeps the second ring at an angle of 120
3/ the cooh end of the hormone forms half of an ion pair with the receptor
4/ the 4-oh is also a crutial part of the binding site of the hormome
5/ better binding if 3' has an isopropyl group or a lipophilic halogen

Front 39

normal functions of t3 and t4

Back 39

promote oxygen uptake , gluclose availability, protein synthesis, generate heat, and growth and development

Front 40

hypothyroidism consequences

Back 40

non toxic goiter: lack of hormone from thyroid causes increased release of TSH that stimulated the thyroid to enlarge in order compensate
may have to do with lack of I2 diet

Front 41

cretinism

Back 41

a lack of iodine during early childhood means lack of CNS development and a stunting of growth due to abmormal bone formation

hypothyroidism

Front 42

myxedema

Back 42

lack of iodine, or loss of the thyroid, or lack of TSH can cause mucopolysaccharide infiltration of the spaces between cells of the skin and muscle, also anemia, mental apathy, and sensitivity to cold

hypothyroidism

Front 43

hyperthyroidism consequences

Back 43

increased heart rate and cardiac output, anorexia, poor thermoregulation, toxi goiter

Front 44

graves disease

Back 44

autoantibodies against one's own TSH receptors on acinar cells of the thyroid lead to and overproduction and release of t4 and t3

hyperthyroidism

Front 45

hashimoto's disease

Back 45

autoantibodies against Tg or other thyroid cell proteins lead to infiltration of cytotoxic t-cells, and also plug up the machinery needed for iodine uptake and incorportation to hormones. - lack of hormone, resulting in overproduction of TSH and goiter

hypothyroidism

Front 46

for hypothyroidism what kind of hormone replacement do you need?

Back 46

1/ thyroid USP= acetone powder of cow or pig thyroid gland
2/ synthetic t4 (levothyroxine)- slower onset of action since higher affinity for carrier proteins
3/ synthetic t3 (liothyronine)rapid onset of action, and short duration

Front 47

hyperthyroidism needs what?

Back 47

a hormone antagonist to block the peroxidase enzyme so th atless hormone is made

Front 48

prodrug of MMI that is converted to MMI in vivo

Back 48

carbimazole

Front 49

synthesized by the adrenal cortex

Back 49

glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

Front 50

primarily regulate water and sodium ion retention to maintain blood volume and electrolyte balance

Back 50

mineralcorticoids

Front 51

bile acids are trans or cis

Back 51

cis

Front 52

beta orientation are represented by

Back 52

solid line, or solid wedge

Front 53

alpha orientation are represented by

Back 53

dashed line or wedge made of short dashed lines

Front 54

pregnenolone

Back 54

have to remove 6 C's two hydroxylation steps followed by cleavage of the side chain in front of c22 by enzyme

Front 55

five major classes of steroid hormones

Back 55

progesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, andrgens, and estrogens

Front 56

progesterone

Back 56

oxidize 3-oh to a ketone and then osimerize the double bond

Front 57

glucocorticoids

Back 57

four steps from progesterone- three additions of oh then oxidation to 11-keto

Front 58

adrenal cortex hormones

Back 58

cortisol and aldosterone

Front 59

mineralcorticoids

Back 59

from progesterone, oh at 21 and oh at 11, followed by oh at 18 and oxidation to 18 aldehyde

Front 60

too much cortisol can lead to:

Back 60

muscle wasting or retarded growth

Front 61

cortisols function:

Back 61

maintain blood glucose availability, primary target is liver and then brain

Front 62

cortisols main therapeutic interest

Back 62

to conrol inflammation and associated redness, swelling, pain, local vasodialation

Front 63

essential for activity of aldosterone or cortisol

Back 63

double bond-delta 4, 3 keto and 20 keto

Front 64

essential for glucocorticoid activity

Back 64

21-oh and 11-B-oh

Front 65

analogs for anit-inflammatory activity

Back 65

9-alpha-fluoro greatly enhances activity- has greater glucocorticoid activity, but way toooo much mineralcorticoid activity

Front 66

what does adding a double bond at the c-1 do?

Back 66

selectively increases glucocorticoid activity by a factor of 5 without any change in the mineralcorticoid activity

Front 67

what does a c-16 methyl group do to activity?

Back 67

either alpha or beta increases glucocorticoid activity and decreases mineralcorticoid activity

Front 68

has 25 x the activity of cortisol

Back 68

betamethasone - beta solid methyl

Front 69

has 30 x activity of cortisol

Back 69

dexamethasone- alpha is dotted wedge

Front 70

aldosterone antagonists

Back 70

progesterone, series or spirolactones

Front 71

how to avoid the anti-androgen effect

Back 71

replace the thioester with a different ester 7alpha-C-O-CH3
C

Front 72

short acting glucocorticoids

Back 72

cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone (cortisol)

treat insufficient output by the adrenal cortex: rheumatic arthritis or joint pain and inflammatory disorders

Front 73

intermediate acting glucocorticoids

Back 73

prednisone, prednisolone, methyprednisolone, triamcinolone (esp for asthma)

for more severe conditions that often require chronic treatment

Front 74

long acting glucocorticoids

Back 74

betamethasone, dexamethasone

for chronic inflammation, chronic allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and some cancers

Front 75

one of the most serious adverse effects of long term glucocorticoid therapy

Back 75

osteoporosis

Front 76

steroids ususally have _____ net charge

Back 76

no

Front 77

does a steroid have the same conformation when bound to its receptor is when it is in a crystal?

Back 77

about the same.... yes - can do computer assissted "rationa" drug design of steroid analogs

Front 78

glucocorticoid receptors and mineralcorticoid receptors start where?

Back 78

in the cytoplasm

Front 79

estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors are where?

Back 79

only in the nucleus

Front 80

steroids have threee principle active regions

Back 80

a hormone binding region, a DNA binding region, and an N-terminal region used to allow binding of other proteins that enhance or repress DNA binding

Front 81

6 hypothalamic hormones

Back 81

thyrotropin releasing hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, prolactin release inhibiting hormone, somatostain

Front 82

secreted from the posterior pituitary

Back 82

vasopressin and oxytocin