Hollis Lecture Test 5 Study Guide

Front 1

Function of endocrine glands?

Back 1

To secrete hormones Via Blood.

Front 2

Hormone?

Back 2

*To excite.

*chemical regulatory substance synthesized by specific organ or tissue to maintain homeostasis in a particular target tissue.

Front 3

Neurohumor?

Back 3

*regulatory factors (RF/IF) from hypothalamus act like hormone but are produced by neurons & carried to the target site by blood.

Front 4

2 types of hormones, how are they classified?

Back 4

*Circulating Hormones & Non-Circulating Hormones

*Structural classification, determines which hormone enters target cell & which just become membrane associated.

Front 5

3 things causing release of hormones.

Back 5

1) change in body chemistry.

2)mechanical stimulation

3)Introduction of foreign particles

Front 6

3 structurally different circulating hormones.

Back 6

1) Amino-Acids, Amines (Lost O2), Polypeptides & proteins

2) Steroids

3) Prostaglandins

Front 7

Where are amine/protein type hormones made?

Back 7

Made in the Anterior Pituitary gland

Front 8

Where are steroids made?

Back 8

Made from cholesterol core, Smooth ER, Mitochondria.

Front 9

What are the carriers of circulating hormones?

Back 9

Albumins

Front 10

What kind of distribution do these hormones establish in plasma?

Back 10

50% are free

50% are bound hormones (albumins)

Front 11

What happens to the hormones in the blood stream at target tissue?

Back 11

Diffuse to the target site

Front 12

Once out of the blood what do they look for at the target tissue?

Back 12

Fixed receptor sites

Front 13

List steps in the mechanism of C. Hormones at the target cell.

Back 13

*Hormone bonds to c-amp and is aimed to receptor site

*G-protein is relaxed activating the adenylate cyclase.

Front 14

list the 5 things the second messenger may do.

Back 14

1) activate or inactivate enzymes

2) stimulate muscle contraction

3) activate genes (DNA & RN = protein) enzyme

4) cause secretions by glands

5) alter permeability of membrane

Front 15

what always activates the second messenger?

Back 15

C-AMP

Front 16

List some examples of this mechanism?

Back 16

*alter permeability to various substances

*stimulates muscle contractions

Front 17

What do hormones acting at specific mobile sites require?

Back 17

Must enter cytoplasm to be able to back up to RC.

Front 18

List 3 steps of this once inside the cell

Back 18

1) Finds RB

2) Bonds and changes shape

3) Enters Nucleus

Front 19

Give 5 steps of estrogen undergoing this mechanism.

Back 19

1)Enters cell membrane

2)finds RC

3) Bonds RC

4)Enters nucleus

5)Inside nucleus bonds to genes to trigger expression of baby.

Front 20

Cybernetic System?

Back 20

Control some hormonal secretion (feed back mechanisms)

Front 21

4 types of feedback mechanisms

Back 21

1)Direct Feedback

2) Indirect Feedback

3)Positive Feedback

4 Negative Feedback

Front 22

Positive Implies?

Back 22

A substance or action that triggers additional secretin of hormone.

Front 23

Negative implies?

Back 23

The substance (hormone) or action caused inhibits further hormone release.

Front 24

Direct implies?

Back 24

When hormone levels up and inhibit further hormone release.

Front 25

Indirect implies?

Back 25

Action itself inhibits further release of the hormone.

Front 26

Give example and steps (5-6) of + direct feedback mechanism.

Back 26

*Pressure receptor of afferent neurons

*Hypothalamus

*Anterior Pituitary gland releases oxytocin

*Trigger muscle contraction

*Milk let down or labor

Front 27

Body Thermostat?

Back 27

Hypothalamus

Front 28

Give example and steps (7-8) of - direct feedback mechanism.

Back 28

Action caused by horone

Front 29

Give example of - indirect feedback mechanism

Back 29

*Hypothalamus saw you were cold released TSH-RF

*Went to Anterior Pituitary gland, released TSH

*Thyroid gland secrete thyroxin so it won't speed up BMR for excess heat.

Front 30

Tropic Hormones?

Back 30

Come from one real gland and makes another real gland secret

Front 31

Gonads (2 types)?

Back 31

*Testis

* Ovaries

Front 32

Gamets (2 types)?

Back 32

*sperm

*egg

Front 33

Where is a male's first dose of testosterone from? When?

Back 33

Choronic Gonadotropin; in utero.

Front 34

Chorionic implies?

Back 34

Placenta

Front 35

Gonadotropin implies?

Back 35

Hormone to testes ( sex organ)

Front 36

3 steps caused by Chorionic Gonadotropin?

Back 36

1)Development of Interstial Cells of Leydig in testis

2)IC of leydig secrets testrone

3)Testrone triggers Development of testies and decent of testes.

Front 37

(T/F) Testosterone is always secreted in males from birth to death.

Back 37

False

Not always, only in utero then from puberty on to death 0-13-death.

Front 38

Where do gonadotropins come from at puberty?

Back 38

Hypothalamus

Front 39

FSH-RF comes from where? Does what?

Back 39

*Hypothalamus

*Releases FSH for spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of testes.

Front 40

ICSH-RF comes from where? Does what?

Back 40

*Hypothalamus

*Releases ICSH for spermatogenesis and sperm maturation secondary male sex characteristics.

Front 41

2 function of testosterone

Back 41

*Triggers secondary sex traits

*make more masculine

Front 42

4 major secondary sex traits?

Back 42

*Body Hair

*Deep voice

*more muscles

* more masculine

Front 43

Name the 2 male gonadotropins?

Back 43

ICSH; FSH

Front 44

What feedback mechanism are they controlled by?

Back 44

Indirect Negative feedback

Front 45

what happens to Corpus Luteum if fertilized?

Back 45

it is maintained

Front 46

What happens to the Corpus Luteum if unfertilized?

Back 46

it degenerates makes P & E becomes corpus albinans.

Front 47

After ovulation a graffian follicle is what (2 parts)?

Back 47

Egg and Corpus Luteum

Front 48

After fertilization how long must Corpus Luteum stay intact?

Back 48

1-5 months

Front 49

4 functions of progesterone?

Back 49

1)Maintains uterine lining

2)Vasodilates uterine vessels

3)Mammary gland develops

4)inhibits uterine contractions

Front 50

3 Functions of Estrogen?

Back 50

1)Vasodilate vessels

2)contracts uterus

3)activates cilia of oviduct to sweep eggs to uterus.

Front 51

Where is the Corpus Luteum?

Back 51

Ovary

Front 52

Ovarian cycle is how long?

Back 52

28 Days

Front 53

Day 1-5 of ovarian cycle is called?

Back 53

Menstrual cycle

Front 54

What does the hypothalamus secrete day 1-5?

Back 54

LH -RF

Front 55

What does this secretion cause?

Back 55

The release of LIT

Progesterone and estrogen from ovary

Front 56

Day 6-13 of ovarian cycle is called?

Back 56

follicular phase

Front 57

What does the hypothalamus secrete day 6-13?

Back 57

FSH-RF

Front 58

What does this secretion cause?

Back 58

*Ripens primordial follicle

*Antrum Stage

*Graafian Follicle then stimulates P & E release.

Front 59

What are the effects of FSH in young females?

Back 59

Cause ovaries to develop

Front 60

What are the effects of FSH in Adult females?

Back 60

Releases progesterone and estrogen

Front 61

List the stages of a ripening egg.

Back 61

*Ripens

*Antrums stage

*Graafian follicle

Front 62

What is Day 14 of ovarian cycle called?

Back 62

ovulation day

Front 63

What is the hypothalamus secretion day 14?

Back 63

LH-RF

Front 64

This secretion triggers what?

Back 64

LH- ovulation, maintains corpus luteum in ovary.

Front 65

What is day 15-28 of ovarian cycle cell?

Back 65

Post ovulatory phase.

Front 66

What is the dominant hormone of the stage?

Back 66

progestrone

Front 67

What hormone maintains the Corpus Luteum now?

Back 67

LH

Front 68

28 day cycle of the uterus?

Back 68

Menstrual cycle

Front 69

Menarche (Begins around?)

Back 69

onset of menstrual cycle; 9-13 yrs.

Front 70

Menopause (begins around?)

Back 70

End of menstration; 50-55 yrs.

Front 71

Day 1-5 of menstrual cycle is called?

Back 71

Menstration

Front 72

Why is the endometrium shed?

Back 72

because no LH is released to maintain it so it degenerates.

Front 73

Day 6-13 of the menstrual cycle is called?

Back 73

Proliferative phase

Front 74

4 steps of activity in this place?

Back 74

1) hypothalamus ESH-RF

2)Anti Pituitary gland = FSH

3) ovary's graafian follicle releases P&E

4)Regrowth of endometrium in uterus.

Front 75

Day 14 of menstrual cycle is called?

Back 75

Ovulation

Front 76

Hormone levels during day 14?

Back 76

LH is main one, some P&E

Front 77

Days 15-28 of menstrual cycle is called?

Back 77

Secretory phase

Front 78

Condition of uterus at this time?

Back 78

Very rich in Blood bed. Ready for implanting egg.

Front 79

Dominant hormone of this phase?

Back 79

Progestrone. LH also present

Front 80

During pregnancy that hormone dominates initially?

Back 80

Progestrone

Front 81

After embryo implantation what hormone begins to dominate?

Back 81

After 3months Estrogen increases

Front 82

For the first 3 months what supplies P & E?

Back 82

Corpus luteum

Front 83

What 2 things make of the placenta?

Back 83

Fetal and maternal tissues that provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus.

Front 84

What is the source of P & E after 3 months?

Back 84

Placenta

Front 85

Parturition?

Back 85

Birth

Front 86

By what mechanism does labor occur? Explain and understand.

Back 86

Positive feedback

Front 87

After implantation how does the chorion maintain pregnancy (1-8).

Back 87

*LH-RF

*LH- P&E

Front 88

What do you call a sex organ?

Back 88

Gonad

Front 89

Name the 2 sex organs?

Back 89

Testies

and

Ovary

Front 90

What are the 2 sex cells?

Back 90

Sperm

and

Eggs

Front 91

What are the male's accessory sex glands?

Back 91

a)Cowper's gland (Bulbourethral) - Mucin for lubrication.

b) Seminal Vesicles -provides food for sperm, buffers pH 7.35 -7.5, large volume for semen, fructose for sperm.

c) Prostate gland- milky color for semen, buffers pH 7.35 -7.5

Front 92

What is the name of the hormone that comes from the placenta that keeps the hypothalamus releasing Luteinizing Hormone Releasing factor?

Back 92

Corionicgonaatotropic

Front 93

What do you call these things that come from the hypothalamus and make the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Back 93

Neruohumors

Front 94

Follicle stimulating hormone make males/females do what?

Back 94

Make sperm/egg

Front 95

ICSH is male or female?

Back 95

male

Front 96

ISCH makes interstitial cells in testis do what?

Back 96

secrete testosterone

Front 97

Examples of testosterone?

Back 97

Body hair, deep voice, accessory sex gland development, muscle/bone development

Front 98

What do you call the egg sack that is mature in the ovary?

Back 98

Graafian Follicle

Front 99

What do you call the cluster of cells around the egg that makes estrogen and progesterone?

Back 99

Cumulus OOphorus

Front 100

Ovulation take the cumulus oophorus and egg out, what is left behind is called?

Back 100

Corpus luteum

Hormone, secrets estrogen and progesterone.

Front 101

When corpus luteum runs out and not using anymore, it loses yellow color and becomes known as?

Back 101

Corpus Albicans (heals up and starts all over again)

Front 102

What are the two things an ovary does?

Back 102

*Produces eggs and estrogen, progesterone (sex hormone.)

*Progesterone - early on makes you an endometrium lining, calms uterus.

Both make you develop mammary glands, VD vessels.

Front 103

Estrogen produced prior to pregnancy produces cilia, why?

Back 103

Sweep egg down fallopian tube.

Front 104

What is the male's counterpart to the female fallopian tube?

Back 104

Vas deferens (active cilia to move sperm)

Front 105

Males storage spot for sperm - final maturity?

Back 105

Epididymis ( cilia too, unique sterocilia - never beat)

Front 106

Females counterpart to male's testis?

Back 106

ovary

Front 107

Females counterpart to male's penis?

Back 107

Clitoris

Front 108

What is the female's birth canal?

Back 108

Vagina

Front 109

What is birth called?

Back 109

Parturition

Front 110

What is the male cap on the end of the sperm?

Back 110

Acrosome

Front 111

What is the enzyme in acrosome that softens eggs membranes?

Back 111

Hyaluronidase

Front 112

What is the tail of the sperm called?

Back 112

Flagellum

Front 113

How many chromosomes are in a sperm or egg?

Back 113

23

Front 114

When a sperm penetrates a egg?

Back 114

Fertilization

Front 115

What do you call the 14th day of the month when the egg leaves the ovary?

Back 115

ovulation

Front 116

In the ovarian cycle, what are the first 5 days of the cycle?

Back 116

Menstruation

Front 117

Day 6-13?

Back 117

Follicular or Pre-Ovulatory Phase

Front 118

Day 15-28?

Back 118

Luteal - or Post-Ovulatory Phase

Front 119

In Menstrual cycle, days 6-13?

Back 119

Proliferative phase

Front 120

Day 14?

Back 120

"Ovulation" in ovary

Front 121

Day 15-28?

Back 121

Secretory Phase

Front 122

Who maintains pregnancy for the first 3 months so you don't have a spontaneous miscarriage and shed endometrium?

Back 122

Corpus Luteum

Front 123

Who maintains 3 months to end?

Back 123

Placenta- makes own P&E

Front 124

Birth Hormone

Back 124

Oxytocin

Front 125

What do you call hormones that come from one gland and make another gland secrete?

Back 125

Tropic Hormones

Ex. gonad secrete- gonadatropin

Front 126

What do you call the end of regular monthly menstrual cycles?

Back 126

Menopause

Front 127

What do you call the onset of monthly menstrual cycles?

Back 127

Menarche

Front 128

Actual blood flow from menstrual cycle is called?

Back 128

Menses

Front 129

Sperm is made where?

Back 129

Seminiferous tubules

Front 130

To make sperm?

Back 130

Spermatogensis

Front 131

Flow of sperm?

Back 131

*Seminiferous tubules

*Strait Tubules

*Rete Testis

*Efferent duct

*Epididymis

*Vas Deferens

*(little, short ejaculatory duct into urethra to pass out of the penis.)

Front 132

Pair of muscles that control position of the skin and testis inside?

Back 132

Dartos muscle and Cremaster muscle

(Involuntary Muscles))

Front 133

Skin sack?

Back 133

Scrotum

Front 134

Name of antibiotic in semen to protect sperm?

Back 134

Seminalplasmin

Front 135

Sperm and all fluids it "swims in?"

Back 135

Semen

Front 136

Ligament between ovary and uterus?

Back 136

Ovarian ligament

Front 137

Ligament between uterus and fallopian tube?

Back 137

Broad Ligament

Front 138

Ligament between uterus and bladder?

Back 138

Round Ligament

Front 139

Neck of uterus?

Back 139

Cervix or cervical canal

Front 140

Inferior most opening to cervix?

Back 140

External Os

Front 141

At top of uterus, what is that opening?

Back 141

Internal Os

Front 142

Part of uterus that sticks up above the entrance of the fallopian tubes?

Back 142

Fundus

Front 143

Where do you put a diaphragm?

Back 143

Around the cervix in a recessed area called the fornix.

Front 144

What do you call the muscle layer of the uterus?

Back 144

Myometrium

Front 145

Why do the birth control pills work?

Back 145

Body thinks pregnant, so it doesn't ripen another egg fully.

Front 146

What hormone is "screwed up" if you are normal IQ but a dwarf?

Back 146

Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Hyposecretion.

Front 147

HGH working rights make proteins or break down?

Back 147

Make protein

Front 148

HGH working right, make or break DNA/RNA?

Back 148

Make DNA/RNA

Front 149

HGH working right, make or break sugars?

Back 149

Break down sugars

Front 150

HGH working right, make or break fats?

Back 150

Breaking down fats

Front 151

HGH - Adult hyposecretion/ Protein wasting.

Back 151

Simmon's disease

Front 152

HGH - hypersecretion in adult, only digits, brow ridges and facial bones grow?

Back 152

Acromegally

Front 153

Thyroxin is off (hypersecretion)

Back 153

Grave's Disease: nervous, weight loss, high BMR, high temp, fat behind eye (bulged) high BP

Front 154

Hyposecretion of Thyroxin?

Back 154

Child: cretinism: retard physically and mentally

Adult: Myxedema: Slow BMR, low temp, enlarged face, lethargic, gain weight, cold.

Front 155

What is a large growth in thyroid gland because of lack of iodine?

Back 155

Thyroid Goiter

Front 156

What is thyroxin T3 or T4 for?

Back 156

Control of BMR- rate at which you burn food.

Front 157

What is calcitonin for ( from thyroid gland)?

Back 157

Storage of calcium ( minerals) in bones/ tissue and teeth.

Front 158

Where does calcitonin come from?

Back 158

"C" cells of thyroid gland

Front 159

Thyroxin comes from?

Back 159

Principal cell around thyroid follicles.

Front 160

Gland embedded in thyroid gland?

Back 160

Parathyroid hormone- works opposite calcitonin; elevates blood Ca++ levels, absorb better and not lose in kidneys as fat.

Front 161

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone?

Back 161

Osteoporosis, high blood ca++, renal calculi, poor muscle tone (flaccid), cardiac arrest (will not contract)

Front 162

Hormone from adrenal cortex that makes you save salt, buffers, water??

Back 162

Aldosterone

*Most adrenal cortex hormones are: steroids made from core molecule - cholosterol

Front 163

Adrenal medulla famous for

Back 163

Norepinephrine ( act like sns) symptoms of flight, freight, flight.

Front 164

What gland in your body might have been related or outgrowth of SNS?

Back 164

Adrenal Medulla

Front 165

What is norepinephrine classidied as?

Back 165

Neurohumor

Front 166

Name 2 neurohumors that come from posterior pituitary gland where they were stored?

Back 166

ADH and OXYTOCIN

Front 167

Where are ADH and Oxytosin made?

Back 167

Hypothalamus

Front 168

ADH made you save what? By what?

Back 168

*Water

*by closing pores of colecting tubules, making you thirsty, making you nkt sweat so much, VC blood vessels.

Front 169

Whats the hormone that makes you produce milk?

Back 169

Prolactin

Front 170

Whats the hormone that causes milk let down?

Back 170

Oxytosin

Front 171

Hormone of anterior pituitary gland that makes you release thyroxin?

Back 171

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Front 172

Hormone that came from anterior pituitary gland and went to testis/ovary and made you make eggs?

Back 172

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Front 173

Hormone that made you make melanin from anterior pituitary gland?

Back 173

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

Front 174

Hormone that came from pituitary gland that went to adrenal cortex that made you secrete various steroid hormones.

Back 174

Adrenocorticatropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 175

Which hormone raises blood glucose?

Back 175

Glucagon

Front 176

Which hormone lowers blood glucose?

Back 176

Insulin - puts into body cells so they don't feel hungry.

Front 177

Term for too much sugar in blood?

Back 177

Hyperglycemia

Front 178

Too much sugar in the blood, what will you be doing frequently?

Back 178

Urination

Front 179

Hyposecretion of aldosterone causes what?

Back 179

Addison's Disease - VC vessels leading to kidney = renal failure.

Front 180

If you are a chemical substance made by epithelium whose purpose is to regulate some kind of homeostatic mechanism?

Back 180

Hormone

Front 181

Fatty Acid chemical/ hormone?

Back 181

Prostoglandins and most of protein, amine, and amino acid type of hormone don't get entry into cell.

Front 182

What mechanism are fatty acid chemical/ hormones working by?

Back 182

Specific fixed receptor site

Front 183

Specific fixed receptor site sometimes called

Back 183

G-protein receptor site.

Front 184

If plugged into proper G Protein receptor site as a hormone what am I acting as?

Back 184

1st Messenger

Front 185

Turns on enzyme on inner edge of cell membrane?

Back 185

Adenal Cyclase

Front 186

Because you turned on enzyme, that allow you to degrade ATP to?

Back 186

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (C-AMP)

Front 187

C-AMP carriers out role of that particular receptor site hormone by (5 ways)

Back 187

1) Activate/ Inhibit Enzyme

2) Stimulate muscle contraction

3) Cause Secretion

4) Alter Permeability

5) Turn on/off Genes

**Does this by attaching or detaching phosphate group.

Front 188

If you didn't work from outside cell, what kind of hormone are you likely to be?

Back 188

Steroids (fat soluble)

Front 189

What do steroids find in cytoplasm when they get inside?

Back 189

Mobile Cytoplasmic receptor (CR)

Front 190

Then make a ?

Back 190

CR - Complex

Front 191

All of those hormones do what to carry out their role?

Back 191

Turn on/off genes in nucleus.

Front 192

Which hormone is called somatotropin?

Back 192

Human Growth Hormone

Front 193

Which hormone is called parathormone?

Back 193

Parathyroid Hormone

Front 194

If I am secreting chemicals and the action I want happens, and I start inhibiting the release of that chemical what mechanism is that?

Back 194

Direct Negative feedback

Front 195

If (like oxytocin), is released and makes the action more and more and more, exaggerated and forcefully ( ex: birth contractions), what mechanism is that?

Back 195

Positive feedback

Front 196

How long will positive feedback continue?

Back 196

Until stimulus is no longer present

Front 197

Where are proteins made in the cell?

Back 197

Ribosomes

Front 198

Where are steroid hormones made?

Back 198

Smooth ER (might travel through Golgi)

Front 199

What is characterized by moonface, buffalo hump on back because of redistribution of fat?

Back 199

Cushing's syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisone)

Front 200

Two other names for fallopian tube?

Back 200

Oviduct and Uterine tubes

Front 201

Blood wall of uterus?

Back 201

Endometrium

Front 202

(Developing an egg) Started with a primordial follicle, what does it become next?

Back 202

With a cavity, antrum stage = graafian follicle (full brown mature)

Front 203

Engorgement of blood to cause firm reproductive tissue?

Back 203

Erection

Front 204

What 2 parts of a female united to make a clitoris?

Back 204

labia minora

Front 205

what's the dominant hormone on ovulation day?

Back 205

Leuteinizing Hormone (days after = progesterone)

Front 206

(Male reproductive penis) what is the column of erectile tissue that has the urethra in it?

Back 206

Corpus Spongiosum

Front 207

What are the 2 column of erectile tissue that have a deep artery in the center?

Back 207

Corpus Cavernosus

Front 208

What do you call the most distal end of a male's penis that is acorn shaped?

Back 208

Glans

Front 209

A woman is 50, what might she go through?

Back 209

Menopause

Front 210

Which zone secrets mineralocorticoids?

Back 210

Zona Glomerulosa

Front 211

What organ is related to SNS?

Back 211

Medulla portion of adrenal gland.