History Final Exam

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Jazz

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1920s, Jazz era - time when search for personal gratification seemed to replace the quest for public welfare.

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Flappers

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Set out to break the informal rules governing young girls' lives. Wore short dresses, rolled their stockings down, smoked cigs in public.

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The man nobody knows (1925)

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Written by Bruce Barton depicted Jesus as a business executive who picked up 12 men from the bottom ranks of business and forged them in an org. that conquered the world.

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Welfare Capitalism

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practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees. was centered in industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Nativism

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a term used by scholars to refer to ethnocentric beliefs relating to immigration and nationalism; antiforeignism.

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Ku Klux Klan

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Fundamentalist movement that continued to believe that other races and women were not equal to white men.

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Business Associationalism

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Hoovers idea - he did not want govt to control industry, but he did want govt to persuade private corps. to turn to cooperation and public service. he envisioned a economy built upon different businesses forming trade assoc. whose members would share economic information, etc.

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Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

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Under the administration of Herbert Hoover, established the Federal Farm Board with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars. The original act was sponsored by Hoover in an attempt to stop the downward spiral of crop prices by seeking to buy, sell and store agricultural surpluses or by generously lending money to farm organizations. The Act was not beneficial; the deflation ran deeper than could be cured by topical treatment. The funds appropriated were exhausted and the losses of the farmers kept rising.
The Act was the precursor to the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

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Hawley-Smoot Tariff act (1930)

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accelerated economic decline abroad and at home. raised tariffs on agricultural goods, and manufactured products.

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Franklin Roosevelt

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Became president after Hoover.

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Social Security Act (1935)

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required states to set up welfare funds from which money would be disbursed to the elderly poor, the unemployed, unmarried mothers, and the disabled.

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Civilian Conservation Corps

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Roosevelt convinced congress to create - assembled 2 million men to plant trees, halt erosion, and improve the environment.

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Public Works Administration

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launched by the National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) to strengthen the nation's infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, etc. built 3 major dams, bridge in NY.

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Works Progress Administration

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Roosevelt used relief money to establish this - improved thousands of schools and playgrounds, airports.

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National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)

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Set up a national system of industrial self-govt and est. the Public Works Admin.

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National Recovery Administration

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authorized under the National Industrial Recovery act was to persuade industrialist and businessmen to agree to raise employee wages.

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Tennessee Valley Authority

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Created by the Tennessee Valley Authority Act to control flooding on the Tennessee River, harness water for electricity, improve poverty, and ease poverty and isolation in certain areas.

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Pat Harrison

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was a Mississippi politician who served as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives from 1911 to 1919 and in the United States Senate from 1919 until his death. As chairman of the powerful Senate Finance Committee, Harrison was one of the three or four key people behind the creation of the Social Security system in 1935. He promoted low tariffs and reciprocal trade agreements

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Tripartite Pact

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was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II

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Russo-German Non-Aggression Pact (1940)

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It was a non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol dividing Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence, anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany and the Soviet Union invaded, on September 1 and 17 respectively, their respective sides of Poland, dividing the country between them

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Operation Sea lion

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Germany's plan to invade the United Kingdom during World War II, beginning in 1940. To have had any chance of success, however, the operation would have required air and naval supremacy over the English Channel.

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"Cash & Carry" policy

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policy requested by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at a special session of the United States Congress on September 21, 1939, as World War II was spreading throughout Europe. It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936. The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation. The purpose was to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving aid to Britain, exploiting the fact that Germany had no funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic

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Lend-Lease Act (1941)

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when germany was nearly out of money Roosevelt proposed that the U.S.would now lend-lease rather than sell munitions to the allies.

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Combined Arms Approach

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an approach to warfare which seeks to integrate different branches of a military to achieve mutually complementary effects (for example, using infantry and armor in an urban environment, where one supports the other, or both support each other). Combined arms doctrine contrasts with segregated arms where each military unit is composed of only one type of soldier or weapon system.

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Operation TORCH

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was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started on 8 November 1942.

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Operation Overlord

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was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day)

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Operation Detachment

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was a major battle in which the United States fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Empire of Japan. The U.S. invasion, charged with the mission of capturing the three airfields on Iwo Jima,[2] resulted in some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign of World War II AKA The Battle of Iwo Jima

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George C. Marshall

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was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II,[2] served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of Stat

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Ernest J King

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was Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO) during World War II. As COMINCH, he directed the United States Navy's operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

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Douglas MacArthur

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U.S Army commander who led UN forces in Korea (pg 917)

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Chester W. Nimitz

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pg. 888

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Total War

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a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of all their available resources and population.
In the mid-19th Century, "total war" was identified by scholars as a separate class of warfare. In a total war, there is less differentiation between combatants and civilians than in other conflicts, and sometimes no such differentiation at all, as nearly every human resource, civilians and soldiers alike, can be considered to be part of the belligerent effort

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Atlantic Charter

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pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. In the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, the Allies of World War II pledged adherence to the charter's principles.

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San Francisco Conference

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onvention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, California. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the Dumbarton Oaks agreements.[1] The convention resulted in the creation of the United Nations Charter, which was opened for signature on 26 June

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Truman Doctrine(1947)

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was a policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.[1]
Truman stated the Doctrine would be "the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman reasoned, because these "totalitarian regimes" coerced "free peoples," they represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949)

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European Recovery Program

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aka marshall plan - he large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to combat the spread of Soviet communism[1] . The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.

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National Security Council Document 68

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was a 58-page formerly-classified report issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. Written during the formative stage of the Cold War, it was top secret until the 1970s when it was made public. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years.

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Containment

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was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect". A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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NATO - is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,[3] and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

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Joseph R. McCarthy

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was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion.[1] He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. Ultimately, his tactics and his inability to substantiate his claims led him to be censured by the United States Senate