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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the causes and beliefs of the Protestant Reformation? (do not include Catholic Responses here)
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-Martin Luther, the German friar, in 1517 began preaching to restore the early Christian teachings and uproot church abuses
-emphasized the importance of individual belief and understanding of the Scripture, it automatically encouraged individual interpretation(which is the reason for so many protestant sects) -Protestants, those who protested, were the followers of Martin Luther -Papal power had become more like monarchs with armies and loads of money. They were more interested in their political position rather than their religious devotion -Priests abused their power in order to make other people do things for them in order to be forgiven -“the church was more interested in making money than in saving souls” -in the time of rennassaince, many Christian scholars began to link their scholarship with cause of social reform based on morality. -Thomas More, Christian humanist, wrote the Utopia which gave the vision of a place without material wealth and greed (people began to think outside the box). -1516, archbishop ordered the sale of indulgences to cover the cost of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome in order to pursue the next election with wealth, angered laypeople -Luther composed 95 theses that questioned indulgence peddling and the purchase of church offices, made the laypeople very angry -Luther attacked the papacy in Rome as the antichrist, and told german churches to reform( these ideas were publicly sent out everywhere and created) -Luther said he likes Hus, the Czech heretic -the church was the largest landowner in the Holy Roman Empire -John Calvin, a priest, was exiled from France due to Catholicism attacking protestants, and he moved to Geneva which became the main capital for Reform -Protestants believed in strict discipline of personal behavior in order for a orderly Christian society -Protestants say marriage is godly and everyone should participate -gave women more rights and allowed to file for divorce in many different ways |
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How did the Catholic Church respond to the various Christian reformation movements?
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-Catholic Church mobilized for a Catholic reform, they did the opposite of whatever Protestants did. The Council of Trent met ever so often and made these rules (no divorce, papal allowed to use military
-they created the Jesuits(Society of Jesus), a new catholic religious order, by Ignatius of Loyola. Contained the social elite, and created many colleges in Europe -they created the Ursulines, a catholic religious order for women, based around education -Sent missionaries to the Americas, Africa, Asia -Catherine de Medecis, wife of Henry II, called for a blood bath of killing Calvanists(Huegenots) in France -Pope Sixtus V ordered a Catholic crusade lead by Phillip II (king of Spain) against Queen Elizabeth and the puritan church there (a stricter Calvinism) -Charles V created an Interim which restored Catholics’ right to worship in Protestant lands while permitting Lutherans to celebrate their own services -they were shocked of how fast and understood Luther’s views were spread through out Europe. -in England, the hierarchy called English-language bibles a threat of heresy |
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Discuss the Commercial Revolution and its impact on Medieval Society.
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-began a profit based economy, with currency
-the great lords in the countryside begin to take advantage of the profits of their estates -Traders travel to asia to bring things back that are twice the worth of what they traded -compagnia- when property is invested in trade -commenda- a partnership established for commerce at sea -Guilds- people cooperate with one another to create fabrics |
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Discuss the Reforms of Pope Gregory VII (Gregorian Reforms)
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-the emporer was just a layman who had no right to meddle in church affairs
-he felt reforms were necessary to free the church from the Satanic rulers of the world -started the Investiture conflict, in which Gregory excommunicated Henry. And Henry begged for return to church |
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What was the social, economic, and political impact of Black Death to European society?
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-had long dormant intervals and was prevalent from 1361 into the 18th century
-in an overpopulated society with limited resources, the large amounts of death opened way for ranks of advancement -workers received higher pay because of plummeting supply of laborers -there was less demand for grain and lowered prices of food -the large nobleman weren’t as powerful and had to respect their peasants more -cloth industry dropped its mass production |
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What were the great successes of Charlemagne (Charles the Great)?
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-model of a roman emperor, he started religious unity by forcing people to Christianity by sword
-appointed missi dominici (governers) which he checked up on so often -Pope Leo put an imperial crown on Charles’s head -Charles believes he was crowned by God |
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Charlemagne
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-the most famous of all the Carolingian kings, expanded the Frankish and Lombard communities
-thought of himself as a Roman king -had governors and mayors called missi dominici -had a strong relation with papacy and used it to gain respect for his actions, christened by Leo III -created schooling in churches |
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Alcuin
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-became Charlemagne’s chief advisor(writing letters for the king, counseling him, tutoring the king’s household)
-had traditions of Anglo-Saxon scholarship |
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William the Conqueror
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-duke of Normandy who claimed throne of England after death of Edward the Confessor
-wanted to replace the Anglo-Saxons -1/5 English people died as a result of the Norman conquest -(read handout) |
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Magna Carta
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-intended to be a conservative document defining the “customary” obligartions and rights of the nobility and forbidding the king to break from these customs without consulting his barons.
-gave everyone a certain amount of rights -implied the King was not above the law |
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Fraciscans
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-St. Francis started the most famous orthodox religious movement
-Friars spent time preaching, ministering, and doing manual labor -they liked being in urban environments, publicly preaching and begging for bread |
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Investiture Conflict
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-“it was war”
-Pope Gregory the VII and Henry IV fought over who should be head of the Catholic church -Gregory used a synod and excommunicated and suspended Henry from office, making his rivals rebel against him. Henry was at the mercy of Gregory -started the movement of seperation of church and state |
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Internal Crusades
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-Inquisition- prosecuting all heretics and things that represent heresy to the Roman Catholic Church
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Battle of Hastings
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-Edward the Confessor died childless, and duke of Normandy, William claimed throne of England
-William fought Harold at this battle and won |
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Salic Law
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-laws controlling inheritance, didn’t allow women to own or inherit property
-laws governing the Salian Franks |
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John Calvin
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-broke from the Roman Catholic Church and became Protestant
-wrote institutes of the Christian religion -a pastor during the Protestant reformation |
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Printing revolution
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-created a huge revolution of published books against the Catholic church
-talking about how the Inquisitors are evil and the heretics are martyrs |
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Humanism (Renaissance and Christian)
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-christian huminists placed emphasis on Christian piety, judged the high ups in the church on their bloody ambitions
-renaissance huminists believed that a person could develp his full human potential only by studying the humanities(liberal arts, literature, subgenre history) |
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Jesuits
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-a catholic religious order, Society of Jesus/ founder Ignatius of Loyola
-contained the social elite of Catholic Europe, founded hundreds of colleges |
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30 Years War
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-1618 to 1648 between Catholic and Protestants fought in central europe
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Henry VIII
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-king of England, firmly opposed the Protestant and Luther Reformation
-married many wives, very brutal. Also hired Protestant loyal servants to break ties between English Church in rome. Using the English parliament -the Act of Supremacy made him head of the Angilican church(England church) |
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Great Schism
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-two popes elected at the same time: Clement VII in Avignon with and Urban in Rome
-neither would step down, so Council of Pisa removed both popes, Alexander V new pop -however, no one agreed so there were 3 popes. Martin V made pope under a united belief for taking a stand against heresy |
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Hundred Years War
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-started with Edward III(England) + Philip VI(France) territorial fighting
-English dominated France at first, then France started to take England out of their territory -it destroyed the western Europe economy and countryside, city +country combined which caused conflict |
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Elizabeth I
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-daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, squashed catholic uprisings
-fought with the Puritans because of her church reforms of the Anglican church |
