History Exam 2007

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city state

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a political unit that involved a city and its surrounding lands and villadges

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cultural diffrusion

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important source of change the spread of ideas, customs and technologies from one people to another.

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neotholic revolution

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nomads learned to farm and stay in one place effects- permentant setterlment and domestication of animals

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the 1st civilitazion

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developed in egypt the middle east, indus valley of india and huang he valley of china

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cataract

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waterfall upper egypt

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dynasty

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ruling family power was passed from one dynasty to another

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Pharohs

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during the old kingdom, egyptian rulers (Pharohs) organized a strong central state. believed pharoh was a god

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new kinngdom

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pharos created new empire most powerful pharoh was rames II

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Heiroglyphics

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form of picture writing developed by ancient egyptians used to keep importaint records

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papyrus

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made into paperlike writing material ( a plant grows along nile) egypt

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fertile crecent

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crossroads where people and ideas met

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mesopotamia

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1st known civ. was in the fertile crecent

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riggurat

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pyramid temple that soared to the heavens (summarians)

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cunieofrm

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invented by summarians earliest form of writing means "wedge"

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epic of gilgamesh

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flood/ gods decide to destroy world and its wickedness

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hammurabis code

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first important ruler o codify all laws that would govern a state including criminal and civil law. protect powerless and give women more rights

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satrap

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darius divide the persian empire into provinces each headed by a governor called a satrap

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barter economy

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exchanging one set of goods for another

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subcontinent

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indus valley located in south asia, subcont. of india, a large landmass that juts out from a contienet

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monsoon

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defining feature of indian life. seasonal winds

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indus valley people

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farmers, polytheistic and worshiped sacred animals

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clans

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groups of familieswho claimed a common ancestor

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oracle bones

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chinese writing on animal bones preists wrote ?s adressed to the gods and then heated the bone until it cracked and the message was on the cracks

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dynastic cycle

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rise of dynasties- chinese

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reincarnation

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hindu beliefs rebirth of soul in another bodily form

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karma

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hindu belief a person can come closer to acheiving moksha by obeying the law of karma which refers to all the actions of a persons life that affect his/ her fate in the next life

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dharma

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hindu belief. religious and moral duties of an individual

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nirvana

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buhdist belief. final goal, union with universe and release from cycle of rebirth

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gupta empire

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knowledge from megasthens, a greek ambassador of mayuract

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asoka

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most honoredmayura emporor, fought a war to conquer deccan region converted and spread buddhism

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caste system

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aryans divided society into 4 occupational claseses. linked to hindu beliefs

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filial piety

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respect for parents above all other duties

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confusianism

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ideas influenced everyone chinese rulers ruled on confucian ideas

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legalism

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stood in contrast to confucianism because of its strict laws

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daoism

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popular religion with gods and magical practices. chinese pesants

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the great wall

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didnt keep invaiders out. divided and protected their world from the nomadic

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silk road

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link china to west china and sent silk westward- trade route

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civil service

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government officials should win positions by merit rather than through family

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desertification

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climate chandge dried out sahara, encouraged people to migrate

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bantu migrations

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west african farmers and herders migrated to the south and east

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mansas

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kings expanded their influence over both the gold mining regions to the south and the salt supplies

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oba

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king was both a political and a religious leader

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homer

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greek- a blind poet who wrote the illiad and the oddesey

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polis

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evolved by greeks, a unique version of a city state. city was built on 2 levels

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moarchy

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gov. in which a king/queen exercises central power ex- polis

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aristocracy

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rule by landholding elite

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oligarcy

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result of trade power s in the hands of a small powerful elite usually from the buisness class

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phalanx

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massive formation of heavily armed foor soldiers; sparta and athens in greece

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helots

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invaiders turned the conquered people into state owned slaves called helots. greatly outnumbered- leaders were the spartains

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democracy

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athens; rule by the people

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education democracy

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boys attend school; read, write, music, poetry and public speaking

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athens

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democracy
area of commerce
edu for men and women
strong family
leisure time
arts

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spartains

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military oligarcy
dependent on serfs
military
familes kept a part
little leisure time

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persian wars

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ionian greeks rebbelled against persian rule; persians crushed rebel cities; darius sent huge force to punish athens for its interference; athens triumph-- athens gains spartan support, persia defeats sparta and burns athens results- athens= most powerful city state in greece

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alliance

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to continue struggle against pwesia athens organized delinian league, an alliance (formal agreement between 2 or more nations to cooperate) with other greek city states

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pericles

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after persian wars- golden age of athens. economy thrived and gov became more democratic.

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ostracism

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citizens vote to bansih public figure they saw as a threat to their democracy

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rhetoric

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philosophers developed a skill, the art of skilllfully speaking

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socrates

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philosopher greek,patient examination, socratic meathod

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plato

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greek philospher, didnt like democracy, made school called academy

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aristotle

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greek philosopher, plato was his most famous student, set up school, lyceum

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tragedies

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greatest athenian playwrights- plays that ended in disaster

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comedies

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humerous plays

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alexander the great

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warrior, spread of greek culture

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hellenistic civ

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larger than classical greece; new stlye- godlike

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zeno

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founder of stocism a new school

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pythagoras

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developed formula a2+b2=c2 to calculate sides for a right triangle

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eucilid

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wrote the elements textbook- modern geometry

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heleocentric

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theory of sun centered solar system

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erarosthenes

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hellenistic astronomer showed earth was round and accurately calculated its circumference

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archimeades

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most famous hellenistic scientist- applied princeaples to physics to make inventions lever and pullley

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hippocrates

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greek phisycian studied causes of illness and looked for cures- set standards for doctors

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republic

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romans set up new gov. some officials chosen by people

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particians

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senate- 300 memebers were particians; members of the landholding upper class

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consuls

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each senetor elected from partician class, 2 consuls job- supervise the buisness of govt. and command armies

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dictator

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in event of war senate might choose a dictator ruler with complete coltrol over govt

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plebians

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little influence, protested they oculdnt know what laws were because they werent written down

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tribunes

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plebians gained right to elect own officials called tibunes to protect their intrests

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veto

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block those laws that they felt were harmful to plebians

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legion

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basic military unit made of 5000 men. roman citizens brought up to be in this

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imperialism

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romans comited to a policy called imparialism, or establishing control over foreign lands and people

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province

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lands under roman rule

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latifundia

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wealthy families brought up huge estates called latifundia as romans conqured more and more land they forced people captured in war to work as slaves

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juliar caesar

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military commander; gave land to poor, granted roman citizenship to more people, intro roman calender drom egyptian knowlegde

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agustus

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octivan, the ehaulted one, ruled roman empire, civil service, stable gov, ordered a census

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pax romana

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roman peace, silk road

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hannibal

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2nd punic war

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cierco

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philosopher; attacked julias caesar who forgave him when he came to pwr. roman with lasting impact

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mosaic

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pic made from chips of colored stone or glass daily roman life

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aqueducts

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built by romans bridgelike stone structures that brought water from hills to roman cities

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diocletian

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emporor set all to restore order, divided empire into 2 parts; kept ctrl of wealthier eastern part

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inflation

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rapid rise of proces

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costine

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general; continued diocetians reforms

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attila

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hun leader; embarked on a scavage campaign of a conquest

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mercenaries

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rome hired; foreign soldiers serving for pay. defect- no loyalty to country

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odacer

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german leader ousted emporor in rome "fall of rome"

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justinian

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greatest empire; temp. success

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justinians code

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body of the civil law- massive collection included laws passed by roman assemblies decreed by roman emporrors as well as a legal writing of roman sudges and a handbook for student

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autocrat

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sole ruler with complete authority

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patriarch

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highest church official in constanople

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schism

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dispute over the use of icons; holy images byzantine/roman catholic church

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midevil civ.

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middle age

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frontier

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sparcely populated, underdeveloped area on the outskirts of a civ

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charlemagne

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charles the great; appointed powerful nobles to rule the local region

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missi domminici

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officials to help keep ctrl of provincial rulers

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curriculum

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educational model for midevil europe

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fedualism

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powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords in exchange lesser lords pledged sservice and loyalty to the greater lord

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vassal

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lesser lord

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fed. contract

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relationship btwn lords and vassals . lord grant vassal feif. lord protects vassal, vassal= loyal to lord and provide him with 40 days military service

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feifs

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estate

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chivalry

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middle ages; knights adopted a code of chvalry required knights to be brave loyal and true to their word.

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troubadours

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wandering poets adopted veiws of chivalry

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manor

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heart of midevil economy; lords estate

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serfs

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most pesants bound to lan. not slaves who could be bought and sold.

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crusades

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inspired by preachers; pope hoped to increase powerd in europe and heal schism between roman and byzantine church

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levy

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collect taxes in order to support crusades

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reconquista in spain

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muslims conqured most of spain

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religious toleration

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under muslim rule; spain enjoyed; a policy of allowing people to worship as they choose

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black death

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italy, spain, france, eurpoe, worse than any war, spread by fleas on rats

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inflation

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rising prices