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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Gestalt Psychology

-German for shape or form


-began in early 1900's in German


-Max Wertheimer studied Phi Phenomenon in 19010, then continued to US in 1930's


-Basic Ideas: 1. we perceive stimuli in connection with one another in reference to it's context 2. the whole is not the same as the sum of the parts


-reaction against structuralism and behaviorism

Immanuel Kant

-1700's


-Prussia/Germany


-argued against associationism


-believed in organized perception in a priori (somewhat innate, already in the person) fashion


-intellectual root of gestalt psychology

Quantum Physics

-intellectual root of gestalt psychology


-observation defines what is there in reality


-particles that make up atoms act differently than what we are used to


Phenomenology

-intellectual root of Gestalt psychology


-school of philosophy begun by Edmond Husserl


-described process and content of personal perceptual experience as a whole

Max Wertheimer

late 1800's - mid 1900's


-Austro-Hungarian empire, Germany, then US


-Pioneered gestalt psychology by studying the phi phenomenon (2 dots flash, 1 dot seems to move instead of having 2 dots)


-also began studies of rules of perception:


1. proximity: chunk things together when they are closer


2. similarity: chunk things together when they are similar


3.closure: perceive whole shapes even if there are gaps


4. figure-ground: we decide what is background and what is foreground


Wolfgang Kohler

-late 1800's-mid 1900's


-Estonia, Germany,US


-best known for work on insight:


-cf Wertheimer's work on insight


-when problem solving how do we use environment to solve problems


-research with apes on tenerife during WWII

Kurt Koffka

a) -Late 1800’s – mid 1900’s




b) -Main spokesperson for Gestalt psychology



Kurt Lewin (Levine)


a) Late1800’s-mid 1900’s



b) Prussiaà Germanyà USA



c) Field Theory:



i) B=f(P,E) Behavior is the function of the person and the environment



ii) B&E relates to behaviorism and the P relates to structuralism – these two schools are what Gestalt psychology fights against – these things are also changing constantly



iii) Environment includes multiple factors at multiple levels over time



d) Multiple applications, especially in social psychology – applied psychologist – not just forming theories in a lab, but puts those findings into practice, in relationships and teaching ect. – coined the term action research, doing research in the actual world such as existing classrooms




e) Read textbook


Germany's Infuence

-emphasis on research and freedom of education


-broader definition of science-more like general scholarship


-

Psychoanalysis: Overview

a) *Approach to personality developed by Sigmund Freud



b) *Psychoanalysis existed for a different reason than psychology




c) *Frued was an MD who worked as a therapist – not in the lab – saw very select and disturbed individuals – but was trying to help people who were struggling


Psychoanalysis:Freud

-1856 Frieburg - 1939 London


-residence for most of life was vienna



Childhood actors that may have influenced Freud

-half brothers the age of his mother and father could have been grandfather- early confusion


-had 5 sisters and 1 other brother (who died at 6mo.) but was always called the golden child


-recorded dreams as a child


-jewish-experienced persecution

People who influenced Freud's Career

Jean Martin Charcott:


-diseases can be caused by ideas


-ideas can be imposed by hypnosis


-diseases are not just in body but also in mind- particularly second mind that is hidden (unconscious)


Joseph Bruer:


-had patient Anna O.


-talking cure, when she told him about source if ailment it ceased


-when Freud applied this he found that the cause was often related to childhood sexual experiences

WWI influence on Freud

-frightened him, his sons were in army


-this showed him the "dark side of man and the unconscious"


-he thought it showed that man had a primary desire for death


-oldest daughter dies


-vienna, his place of residence, crumbles when war starts


Freud and Carl Jung

-Jung was not associated with Judaism


-Freud wanted him to spread his theories to rest of population


-when Jung began to alter Freud's ideas he was cut off

Freud and Anna Freud

-he was dependent on her, she was his nurse


-performed psychoanalysis on her, this was considered intellectual incest

How does Freud Differ

1. looks at ideas and emotions as opposed to cognition


2. all case studies, not based on scientific lab research

Carl Jung

-late 1800's-mid 1900's


-Switzerland, MD (schizophrenia, delusions, those who were institutionalized)


-worked with freud from 1907-1913


-Similarity to Freud: 1. described personality development 2. emphasis on unconscious


-Difference from freud: 1. adds collective unconscious; the role of myth, culture, and mysticism 2. less emphasis on sexuality

Alfred Adler

-1870-1937; Austria, USA; M.D.


-Points of similarities with Freud


>Described personality development


>Importance of early relationships in family


-Points of differences with Freud


>More emphasis on conscious experience (ego)


>Emphasized social motivations & role of chosen life goals

Anna Freud

-1895-1982


-Austria, England


-trained as a teacher


-contributions:


1. extended psychoanalysis to work with children


2. elaborated and systematized work on defense mechanism



Beyond Psychoanalysis

-approaches growing out of psychoanalytic theory:


1.object relations


2. psychodynamic approaches


-reaction against psychodynamics: humanism

Melanie Klein

-1900's


-Austria, Germany, US


-didn't finish higher education


-1st to apply Freudian ideas to children


-pioneer in objects relations theory


-pioneer in play therapy


-"controversial discussions" in the British Psychoanalytic society occured in the 1940's between Klein, Anna Freud and "middle group" (Donald Winnicot would be part of)

Erich Fromm

-1900's


-Germany, US, Mexico


-incorporated humanistic and existential ideas


Erik Erikson

-1900's


-Germany


-1st to discuss distinct stages throughout adulthood - possibly due to life expectancy rising and older population in the classroom (those who have come back from war)