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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gestalt Psychology |
-German for shape or form -began in early 1900's in German -Max Wertheimer studied Phi Phenomenon in 19010, then continued to US in 1930's -Basic Ideas: 1. we perceive stimuli in connection with one another in reference to it's context 2. the whole is not the same as the sum of the parts -reaction against structuralism and behaviorism |
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Immanuel Kant |
-1700's -Prussia/Germany -argued against associationism -believed in organized perception in a priori (somewhat innate, already in the person) fashion -intellectual root of gestalt psychology |
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Quantum Physics |
-intellectual root of gestalt psychology -observation defines what is there in reality -particles that make up atoms act differently than what we are used to
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Phenomenology |
-intellectual root of Gestalt psychology -school of philosophy begun by Edmond Husserl -described process and content of personal perceptual experience as a whole |
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Max Wertheimer |
late 1800's - mid 1900's -Austro-Hungarian empire, Germany, then US -Pioneered gestalt psychology by studying the phi phenomenon (2 dots flash, 1 dot seems to move instead of having 2 dots) -also began studies of rules of perception: 1. proximity: chunk things together when they are closer 2. similarity: chunk things together when they are similar 3.closure: perceive whole shapes even if there are gaps 4. figure-ground: we decide what is background and what is foreground
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Wolfgang Kohler |
-late 1800's-mid 1900's -Estonia, Germany,US -best known for work on insight: -cf Wertheimer's work on insight -when problem solving how do we use environment to solve problems -research with apes on tenerife during WWII |
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Kurt Koffka |
a) -Late 1800’s – mid 1900’s
b) -Main spokesperson for Gestalt psychology
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Kurt Lewin (Levine)
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a) Late1800’s-mid 1900’s
b) Prussiaà Germanyà USA
c) Field Theory:
i) B=f(P,E) Behavior is the function of the person and the environment
ii) B&E relates to behaviorism and the P relates to structuralism – these two schools are what Gestalt psychology fights against – these things are also changing constantly
iii) Environment includes multiple factors at multiple levels over time
d) Multiple applications, especially in social psychology – applied psychologist – not just forming theories in a lab, but puts those findings into practice, in relationships and teaching ect. – coined the term action research, doing research in the actual world such as existing classrooms
e) Read textbook
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Germany's Infuence |
-emphasis on research and freedom of education -broader definition of science-more like general scholarship - |
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Psychoanalysis: Overview |
a) *Approach to personality developed by Sigmund Freud
b) *Psychoanalysis existed for a different reason than psychology
c) *Frued was an MD who worked as a therapist – not in the lab – saw very select and disturbed individuals – but was trying to help people who were struggling
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Psychoanalysis:Freud |
-1856 Frieburg - 1939 London -residence for most of life was vienna
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Childhood actors that may have influenced Freud |
-half brothers the age of his mother and father could have been grandfather- early confusion -had 5 sisters and 1 other brother (who died at 6mo.) but was always called the golden child -recorded dreams as a child -jewish-experienced persecution |
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People who influenced Freud's Career |
Jean Martin Charcott: -diseases can be caused by ideas -ideas can be imposed by hypnosis -diseases are not just in body but also in mind- particularly second mind that is hidden (unconscious) Joseph Bruer: -had patient Anna O. -talking cure, when she told him about source if ailment it ceased -when Freud applied this he found that the cause was often related to childhood sexual experiences |
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WWI influence on Freud |
-frightened him, his sons were in army -this showed him the "dark side of man and the unconscious" -he thought it showed that man had a primary desire for death -oldest daughter dies -vienna, his place of residence, crumbles when war starts
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Freud and Carl Jung |
-Jung was not associated with Judaism -Freud wanted him to spread his theories to rest of population -when Jung began to alter Freud's ideas he was cut off |
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Freud and Anna Freud |
-he was dependent on her, she was his nurse -performed psychoanalysis on her, this was considered intellectual incest |
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How does Freud Differ |
1. looks at ideas and emotions as opposed to cognition 2. all case studies, not based on scientific lab research |
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Carl Jung |
-late 1800's-mid 1900's -Switzerland, MD (schizophrenia, delusions, those who were institutionalized) -worked with freud from 1907-1913 -Similarity to Freud: 1. described personality development 2. emphasis on unconscious -Difference from freud: 1. adds collective unconscious; the role of myth, culture, and mysticism 2. less emphasis on sexuality |
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Alfred Adler |
-1870-1937; Austria, USA; M.D. -Points of similarities with Freud >Described personality development >Importance of early relationships in family -Points of differences with Freud >More emphasis on conscious experience (ego) >Emphasized social motivations & role of chosen life goals |
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Anna Freud |
-1895-1982 -Austria, England -trained as a teacher -contributions: 1. extended psychoanalysis to work with children 2. elaborated and systematized work on defense mechanism
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Beyond Psychoanalysis |
-approaches growing out of psychoanalytic theory: 1.object relations 2. psychodynamic approaches -reaction against psychodynamics: humanism |
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Melanie Klein |
-1900's -Austria, Germany, US -didn't finish higher education -1st to apply Freudian ideas to children -pioneer in objects relations theory -pioneer in play therapy -"controversial discussions" in the British Psychoanalytic society occured in the 1940's between Klein, Anna Freud and "middle group" (Donald Winnicot would be part of) |
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Erich Fromm |
-1900's -Germany, US, Mexico -incorporated humanistic and existential ideas
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Erik Erikson |
-1900's -Germany -1st to discuss distinct stages throughout adulthood - possibly due to life expectancy rising and older population in the classroom (those who have come back from war) |