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74 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Psychologist who established talk therapy

Sigmund Freud


Idea that everything is lawfully determined by cause and effect. nothings happens by accident; mental processes do not occur by chance, they have a cause which is discovered in free association.

psychic determinism

irrational unconscious motives influence these, and can even override them at times.

rational conscious motives

children must negotiate these critical periods to be healthy; affect who you are in adulthood

psychosexual stages

what are the three sources that oppose pleasure?

your body, the outside world, and other people


psychological health, according to Freud, depends on harmony of these concepts

Id, Ego, and Superego

the primitive aspect of the unconscious: driven by needs necessary for survival and the pleasure principle. expresses itself in primary processes

Id

the reality principle of the unconscious: mediator, utilizes secondary processes for social acceptance

Ego

ideal principle of the unconscious: internalized social norms, attempts to make ego reach impossible standards

Superego

Result of living in threatening world, can be healthy and adaptive

objective anxiety

personal internal perceptions and things that we worry about. this is not healthy and can be damaging because there is no escape.

neurotic anxiety

superego overwhelming you, try for perfection, cannot fulfill responsibilities or act morally all the time

moral anxiety

actively trying to forget something; takes energy and when we stop attending to it the memory comes back

repression

going back to an earlier time to bring yourself comfort

regression

behaving completely opposite as how you're feeling

reaction formation

fixation in this stage can cause someone to have a biting personality

oral

fixation in this stage can cause someone to have overwhelming concerns for neatness, control, and order

anal

complexes such as Oedipus and Electra complex occur in this stage

phallic

sex drives are dormant in this stage, energies are directed inward

Latency

sex drives are directed outward in this stage

genital

one of the first individuals who began studying behaviorism

Pavlov

Pavlov's two types of reflexes are referred to as..

psychical reflexes

unconditioned response that is involuntary

physiological reflex

permanently subject to fluctuation depending on a stimulus, also involuntary response

conditioned reflex

type of conditioning: conditioned stimulus presented before unconditioned stimulus

delayed

type of conditioning: conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus presented at the same time, continue, and end at the same time.

Simultaneous

type of conditioning: conditioned stimulus presented, then stops, then the unconditioned stimulus presented.

Trace

presenting conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus multiples times. response not forgotten or unlearned, just not exhibited.

extinction

reappearance of response following rest period

spontaneous recovery

responds to similar stimuli

stimulus generalization

being able to determine differences between similar stimlui

stimulus discrimination

when your body decides its had too much conditioning

ultra maximal inhibition

when a person is overwhelmed with conditioning information

transmarginal inhibition

response to stimulus is similar regardless of the strength

equivalent phase

stimulus produces response that is opposite to its strength

paradoxical phase

radical shift in personality functioning: positive responses are now negative, behavior reverse


examples (cult members, reeducation)

Ultra paradoxical phase

psychological who focuses on observable actions people engaged in/passionate about learning and education

Thorndike

transfer of learning is a function of the similarities of elements between two activities

identical concepts theory

connections are strengthened through use and weakened through disuse

law of exercise

connections strengthened or weakened as a result of their consequences

law of effect

revised law of Thordike: questions punishment as a negative consequence but rather it just encourages a different type of learning

truncated law of effect

founder of behaviorism

John Watson

idea that infants are only capable of fear, rage, and love

fear conditioning

concepts are void of scientific meaning if they cannot be explicitly verified

logical positivism

Clark Hull's idea of fatigue; exposed to so much or one stimuli that you're over it.

reactive inhibition

Clark Hull's idea that you're conditioned to not respond or engage in behavior

conditioned inhibition

psychologist who believed learning takes place in one trial and that reinforcement had an effect on performance, not learning.

Guthrie

psychologist who believed intervening variables (those you cannot observe) direct behaviors and mediate between stimuli and responses

Tolman

founder of operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner

modification of a behavior as consequence of reinforcement, a voluntary response

operant conditioning

Third force of psychology that applied that humans are special and have free choice

humanistic psychology

Kierkegaard's 3 modes of existence...

Aesthetic, Ethical, and Religious

Heidegger's 3 hallmarks of "being"...

factuality, existentiality, and fallenness

psychologist who coined termed contact hypothesis

Gordan Allport

according to the contact hypothesis, in order to reduce prejudice you need what four conditions?

equal group status


commons goals


intergroup cooperation


support of authority


everyone in the situation must perceive everyone else as equal and everyone must have equal roles. no one is perceived as more significant as another.

equal group status

Allport's approach of what makes us unique from one another

idiographic

Allport's approach of what we all share in common

nomothetic

founder of person centered therapy

Carl Rogers

What is unconditional positive regard?

accepting people for who they are

psychologist who created logotherapy

Frankl

existential distress; person's inability to find meaning in life

Noogenic distress

Psychologist who studied memory work in cognitive psychology

Ebbinghaus

Idea that memory is better if you engage and distribute practice, improves overall memory function more than mass practice

spacing effect

happens only under certain circumstances, the idea that we have immediate recall for last items and delayed recall for first items

serial position

Idea that if you're going to forget something, it will happen right away. greatest amount of information forgotten quickly and over time it levels off.

forgetting curve

science of mental disorders and profession that treats individuals with mental disorders, the single largest subfield in psychology

clinical psychology

Created in 1949 by David Shakow to have clinical psychologists be trained as research practitioners as well.

Boulder Model

1973 doctoral degree trains students in clinical practice only because of this model.

Vail Model

created in 1952 by APA to provide uniform diagnoses

Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

subfield of psychology that employs technical advances such as MRI, fMRI, CT scans, and EEGs

Biopsychology

subfield of psychology that studies how we influence one another and manipulate others

Social Psychology

Demanding subfield of psychology that studies work and the work environment

Industrial Organizational psychology

subfield of psychology that deals with the law

Forensic Psychology