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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychologist who established talk therapy |
Sigmund Freud
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Idea that everything is lawfully determined by cause and effect. nothings happens by accident; mental processes do not occur by chance, they have a cause which is discovered in free association. |
psychic determinism |
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irrational unconscious motives influence these, and can even override them at times. |
rational conscious motives |
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children must negotiate these critical periods to be healthy; affect who you are in adulthood |
psychosexual stages |
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what are the three sources that oppose pleasure? |
your body, the outside world, and other people
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psychological health, according to Freud, depends on harmony of these concepts |
Id, Ego, and Superego |
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the primitive aspect of the unconscious: driven by needs necessary for survival and the pleasure principle. expresses itself in primary processes |
Id |
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the reality principle of the unconscious: mediator, utilizes secondary processes for social acceptance |
Ego |
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ideal principle of the unconscious: internalized social norms, attempts to make ego reach impossible standards |
Superego |
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Result of living in threatening world, can be healthy and adaptive |
objective anxiety |
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personal internal perceptions and things that we worry about. this is not healthy and can be damaging because there is no escape. |
neurotic anxiety |
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superego overwhelming you, try for perfection, cannot fulfill responsibilities or act morally all the time |
moral anxiety |
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actively trying to forget something; takes energy and when we stop attending to it the memory comes back |
repression |
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going back to an earlier time to bring yourself comfort |
regression |
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behaving completely opposite as how you're feeling |
reaction formation |
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fixation in this stage can cause someone to have a biting personality |
oral |
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fixation in this stage can cause someone to have overwhelming concerns for neatness, control, and order |
anal |
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complexes such as Oedipus and Electra complex occur in this stage |
phallic |
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sex drives are dormant in this stage, energies are directed inward |
Latency |
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sex drives are directed outward in this stage |
genital |
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one of the first individuals who began studying behaviorism |
Pavlov |
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Pavlov's two types of reflexes are referred to as.. |
psychical reflexes |
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unconditioned response that is involuntary |
physiological reflex |
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permanently subject to fluctuation depending on a stimulus, also involuntary response |
conditioned reflex |
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type of conditioning: conditioned stimulus presented before unconditioned stimulus |
delayed |
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type of conditioning: conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus presented at the same time, continue, and end at the same time. |
Simultaneous |
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type of conditioning: conditioned stimulus presented, then stops, then the unconditioned stimulus presented. |
Trace |
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presenting conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus multiples times. response not forgotten or unlearned, just not exhibited. |
extinction |
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reappearance of response following rest period |
spontaneous recovery |
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responds to similar stimuli |
stimulus generalization |
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being able to determine differences between similar stimlui |
stimulus discrimination |
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when your body decides its had too much conditioning |
ultra maximal inhibition |
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when a person is overwhelmed with conditioning information |
transmarginal inhibition |
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response to stimulus is similar regardless of the strength |
equivalent phase |
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stimulus produces response that is opposite to its strength |
paradoxical phase |
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radical shift in personality functioning: positive responses are now negative, behavior reverse examples (cult members, reeducation) |
Ultra paradoxical phase |
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psychological who focuses on observable actions people engaged in/passionate about learning and education |
Thorndike |
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transfer of learning is a function of the similarities of elements between two activities |
identical concepts theory |
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connections are strengthened through use and weakened through disuse |
law of exercise |
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connections strengthened or weakened as a result of their consequences |
law of effect |
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revised law of Thordike: questions punishment as a negative consequence but rather it just encourages a different type of learning |
truncated law of effect |
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founder of behaviorism |
John Watson |
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idea that infants are only capable of fear, rage, and love |
fear conditioning |
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concepts are void of scientific meaning if they cannot be explicitly verified |
logical positivism |
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Clark Hull's idea of fatigue; exposed to so much or one stimuli that you're over it. |
reactive inhibition |
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Clark Hull's idea that you're conditioned to not respond or engage in behavior |
conditioned inhibition |
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psychologist who believed learning takes place in one trial and that reinforcement had an effect on performance, not learning. |
Guthrie |
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psychologist who believed intervening variables (those you cannot observe) direct behaviors and mediate between stimuli and responses |
Tolman |
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founder of operant conditioning |
B.F. Skinner |
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modification of a behavior as consequence of reinforcement, a voluntary response |
operant conditioning |
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Third force of psychology that applied that humans are special and have free choice |
humanistic psychology |
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Kierkegaard's 3 modes of existence... |
Aesthetic, Ethical, and Religious |
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Heidegger's 3 hallmarks of "being"... |
factuality, existentiality, and fallenness |
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psychologist who coined termed contact hypothesis |
Gordan Allport |
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according to the contact hypothesis, in order to reduce prejudice you need what four conditions? |
equal group status commons goals intergroup cooperation support of authority
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everyone in the situation must perceive everyone else as equal and everyone must have equal roles. no one is perceived as more significant as another. |
equal group status |
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Allport's approach of what makes us unique from one another |
idiographic |
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Allport's approach of what we all share in common |
nomothetic |
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founder of person centered therapy |
Carl Rogers |
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What is unconditional positive regard? |
accepting people for who they are |
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psychologist who created logotherapy |
Frankl |
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existential distress; person's inability to find meaning in life |
Noogenic distress |
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Psychologist who studied memory work in cognitive psychology |
Ebbinghaus |
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Idea that memory is better if you engage and distribute practice, improves overall memory function more than mass practice |
spacing effect |
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happens only under certain circumstances, the idea that we have immediate recall for last items and delayed recall for first items |
serial position |
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Idea that if you're going to forget something, it will happen right away. greatest amount of information forgotten quickly and over time it levels off. |
forgetting curve |
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science of mental disorders and profession that treats individuals with mental disorders, the single largest subfield in psychology |
clinical psychology |
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Created in 1949 by David Shakow to have clinical psychologists be trained as research practitioners as well. |
Boulder Model |
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1973 doctoral degree trains students in clinical practice only because of this model. |
Vail Model |
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created in 1952 by APA to provide uniform diagnoses |
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
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subfield of psychology that employs technical advances such as MRI, fMRI, CT scans, and EEGs |
Biopsychology |
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subfield of psychology that studies how we influence one another and manipulate others |
Social Psychology |
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Demanding subfield of psychology that studies work and the work environment |
Industrial Organizational psychology |
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subfield of psychology that deals with the law |
Forensic Psychology |